通过有针对性的惩罚避免公地悲剧
Escaping the Tragedy of the Commons through Targeted Punishment
摘要：
合作的失败导致许多社会最严重的问题。众所周知，由于惩罚的可能性，面临社会困境的许多参与者之间的合作可以维持，但实现广泛合作的初始状态往往要困难得多。我们在这里表明，存在着“有针对性的惩罚”的战略，少数惩罚者可以将人口的叛逃者转变为全球合作的状态。参与者的异质性往往被视为一种障碍，但实际上可以提高机制的有效性。最后，我们概述了国际社会如何利用这种战略来应对气候变化。
英文摘要：
Failures of cooperation cause many of society's gravest problems. It is well known that cooperation among many players faced with a social dilemma can be maintained thanks to the possibility of punishment, but achieving the initial state of widespread cooperation is often much more difficult. We show here that there exist strategies of `targeted punishment' whereby a small number of punishers can shift a population of defectors into a state of global cooperation. The heterogeneity of players, often regarded as an obstacle, can in fact boost the mechanism's effectivity. We conclude by outlining how the international community could use a strategy of this kind to combat climate change.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
