This paper revisits the fundamental equations for the solution of the frictionless unilateral normal contact problem between a rough rigid surface and a linear elastic half-plane using the boundary element method (BEM). After recasting the resulting Linear Complementarity Problem (LCP) as a convex quadratic program (QP) with nonnegative constraints, different optimization algorithms are compared for its solution: (i) a Greedy method, based on different solvers for the unconstrained linear system (Conjugate Gradient CG, Gauss-Seidel, Cholesky factorization), (ii) a constrained CG algorithm, (iii) the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), and ($iv$) the Non-Negative Least Squares (NNLS) algorithm, possibly warm-started by accelerated gradient projection steps or taking advantage of a loading history. The latter method is two orders of magnitude faster than the Greedy CG method and one order of magnitude faster than the constrained CG algorithm. Finally, we propose another type of warm start based on a refined criterion for the identification of the initial trial contact domain that can be used in conjunction with all the previous optimization algorithms. This method, called Cascade Multi-Resolution (CMR), takes advantage of physical considerations regarding the scaling of the contact predictions by changing the surface resolution. The method is very efficient and accurate when applied to real or numerically generated rough surfaces, provided that their power spectral density function is of power-law type, as in case of self-similar fractal surfaces.
The understanding of friction at nano-scales, ruled by the regular arrangement of atoms, is surprisingly incomplete. Here we provide a unified understanding by studying the interlocking potential energy of two infinite contacting surfaces with arbitrary lattice symmetries, and extending it to finite contacts. We categorize, based purely on geometrical features, all possible contacts into three different types: a structurally lubric contact where the monolayer can move isotropically without friction, a corrugated and strongly interlocked contact, and a newly discovered directionally structurall…
Adhesion of surfaces with wavy roughness and a shallow depression
最近,McMeeking等人(Adv Eng Mat 12(5),389-397,2010)引入了一种简单而优雅的“凹坑”模型,以显示涉及具有浅凹陷的表面的可调粘合剂体系的机制。该系统显示,至少对于中间水平的粘性,外部压力可以切换系统到一个“强粘合剂”制度的完全接触,或到弱粘合和完全拉脱,类似于接触的表面与一个单一规模的周期性波纹。我们添加到这个模型的粗糙度的影响,在简单的形式轴对称的单尺度的波纹,允许一个非常详细的研究,我们表明,这会导致一个电阻跳到完全接触一方面(限制“强粘附”制度),和增强的拉脱和滞后从部分接触状态的其他(增强“弱粘附”制度)。我们表明,该系统只依赖于两个无量纲参数,取决于比的粘附功的能量,使凹陷或波纹变平,分别。该系统在中间状态下也变得对压力敏感,正如在真实的粘合剂粗糙系统中所观察到的那样。该模型显然是粗糙球体的Guduru模型(Guduru,JMPS,55,473- 488,2007)的镜像,其与Guduru模型共享假设连接的接触(裂纹)区域的分析的局限性,并且还用于显示凹陷到另外的周期性粗糙接触中的效果的目的,以理解具有多个粗糙度尺度的粘附。
This paper advances an analytical incremental contact model for the purely elastic or elastic-perfectly plastic Gaussian rough surfaces. The contact is modelled by the accumulation of identical circular contacts with radius given by the total truncated area at varying heights divided by the contact patch number. The contact area-load relationship is derived analytically, showing approximate linearity for the contact fraction up to 10%. Good agreement is found between the new proposed model and the direct finite element simulations. To characterize the influence of plastic deformation, a dimens…
The measurement of real contact area between rough surfaces is one of most challenge problems in contact mechanics and is of importance to understand some physical mechanisms in tribology. Based on the frustrated total internal reflection, a new apparatus is designed to measure the real contact area. For brass samples with various surface topographies, the relation between normal load and real contact area is measured. Our experiments verify the linear relationship between load and real contact area during loading process. More importantly, the unloading process is firstly considered to distin…
We study the nominal (ensemble averaged) contact pressure $p(x)$ acting on a cylinder squeezed in contact with an elastic half-space with random surface roughness. The contact pressure is Hertzian-like for $α< 0.01$ and Gaussian-like for $α> 10$, where the dimensionless parameter $α= h_{\rm rms}/δ$ is the ratio between the root-mean-square roughness amplitude and the penetration for the smooth surfaces case (Hertz contact).
Roughness-controlled Tribocharging Governs Friction in Dry Glass Contacts
University of Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹大学);Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences(范特霍夫分子科学研究所);Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL)(先进纳米光刻研究中心)
An approximate JKR solution for a general contact, including rough contacts
在本说明中,我们提出了一个简单的封闭形式的近似解的粘接接触问题下,所谓的JKR制度。推导的基础上,推广了原始的JKR能量推导,假设计算的应变能在无粘性接触,并在恒定的接触面积卸载。基本假设是接触面积分布与无粘合剂条件下相同(对于适当增加的法向载荷),因此通常应力强度因子在所有接触边缘处不会完全相等。简单地说,压痕为D=D1-Sqrt(2 w A '/P”),其中w是表面能,D1是无粘合剂压痕,A'是接触面积的一阶导数,P”是载荷相对于压痕的二阶导数。该解只需要宏观量,而不是非常复杂的局部分布,并且在许多配置中是精确的,如轴对称接触。它还允许估计的完整解决方案的弹性粗糙固体与高斯多尺度的粗糙度,这是迄今为止缺乏,使用已知的adhesiveless简单的结果。该解决方案原来只取决于均方根振幅和表面的斜率,在分形极限,斜率将增长没有限制,往往无粘性的结果-虽然在这个限制的JKR模型是不合适的。然而,一个更可靠的结果是,对于粗糙度h_{rms}的大均方根幅度,该解决方案也将得到无粘合剂的结果,与小尺度细节无关,并且与常识和作者先前的模型一致。
Normal contact behaviour between non adhesive fractal rough particles is studied using a finite element method (FEM). A series of spherical grain surfaces with distinguished roughness features are generated by means of Spherical Harmonics. These surfaces are described by two roughness descriptors, namely, relative roughness (Rr) and fractal dimension (FD). The contact behaviour of rough spheres with a rigid flat surface is simulated using FEM to quantify the influences of surface structure and sphere morphology by focusing on contact stiffness and true contact area. The dependence of normal co…
We report on experimental investigation of thermal contact resistance of the noncuring graphene thermal interface materials with the surfaces characterized by different degree of roughness. It is found that the thermal contact resistance depends on the graphene loading non-monotonically, achieving its minimum at the loading fraction of ~15 wt.%. Increasing the surface roughness by ~1 micrometer results in approximately the factor of x2 increase in the thermal contact resistance for this graphene loading. The obtained dependences of the thermal conductivity, thermal contact resistance, and the …
We study the frictional behavior of both elastic and viscoelastic thin coatings bonded to a seemingly rigid substrate and sliding against a rough profile in the presence of Coulomb friction at the interface. The aim is to explore the effect of the coupling between the normal and tangential displacement fields arising from the finiteness of the material thickness and to quantify the contribution this can have on energy losses. We found that, due to normal-tangential coupling, asymmetric contacts and consequently additional friction are observed even for purely elastic layers, indeed associated …