Training Deeper Convolutional Networks with Deep Supervision

A Deeper Look at Dataset Bias

The presence of a bias in each image data collection has recently attracted a lot of attention in the computer vision community showing the limits in generalization of any learning method trained on a specific dataset. At the same time, with the rapid development of deep learning architectures, the activation values of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are emerging as reliable and robust image descriptors. In this paper we propose to verify the potential of the DeCAF features when facing the dataset bias problem. We conduct a series of analyses looking at how existing datasets differ among e…

Democratizing Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training: A CLIP Benchmark of Data, Model, and Supervision

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) has emerged as a novel paradigm to learn visual models from language supervision. While researchers continue to push the frontier of CLIP, reproducing these works remains challenging. This is because researchers do not choose consistent training recipes and even use different data, hampering the fair comparison between different methods. In this work, we propose CLIP-benchmark, a first attempt to evaluate, analyze, and benchmark CLIP and its variants. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of three key factors: data, supervision, and model architectur…

A Fully Convolutional Tri-branch Network (FCTN) for Domain Adaptation

A domain adaptation method for urban scene segmentation is proposed in this work. We develop a fully convolutional tri-branch network, where two branches assign pseudo labels to images in the unlabeled target domain while the third branch is trained with supervision based on images in the pseudo-labeled target domain. The re-labeling and re-training processes alternate. With this design, the tri-branch network learns target-specific discriminative representations progressively and, as a result, the cross-domain capability of the segmenter improves. We evaluate the proposed network on large-sca…

Richer and Deeper Supervision Network for Salient Object Detection

Recent Salient Object Detection (SOD) systems are mostly based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Specifically, Deeply Supervised Saliency (DSS) system has shown it is very useful to add short connections to the network and supervising on the side output. In this work, we propose a new SOD system which aims at designing a more efficient and effective way to pass back global information. Richer and Deeper Supervision (RDS) is applied to better combine features from each side output without demanding much extra computational space. Meanwhile, the backbone network used for SOD is normally p…

Annotation-cost Minimization for Medical Image Segmentation using Suggestive Mixed Supervision Fully Convolutional Networks

For medical image segmentation, most fully convolutional networks (FCNs) need strong supervision through a large sample of high-quality dense segmentations, which is taxing in terms of costs, time and logistics involved. This burden of annotation can be alleviated by exploiting weak inexpensive annotations such as bounding boxes and anatomical landmarks. However, it is very difficult to \textit{a priori} estimate the optimal balance between the number of annotations needed for each supervision type that leads to maximum performance with the least annotation cost. To optimize this cost-performa…

ME-CapsNet: A Multi-Enhanced Capsule Networks with Routing Mechanism

Convolutional Neural Networks need the construction of informative features, which are determined by channel-wise and spatial-wise information at the network's layers. In this research, we focus on bringing in a novel solution that uses sophisticated optimization for enhancing both the spatial and channel components inside each layer's receptive field. Capsule Networks were used to understand the spatial association between features in the feature map. Standalone capsule networks have shown good results on comparatively simple datasets than on complex datasets as a result of the inordinate amo…

Weak Supervision for Generating Pixel-Level Annotations in Scene Text Segmentation

Providing pixel-level supervisions for scene text segmentation is inherently difficult and costly, so that only few small datasets are available for this task. To face the scarcity of training data, previous approaches based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) rely on the use of a synthetic dataset for pre-training. However, synthetic data cannot reproduce the complexity and variability of natural images. In this work, we propose to use a weakly supervised learning approach to reduce the domain-shift between synthetic and real data. Leveraging the bounding-box supervision of the COCO-Text …

Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networks

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the depth map of a scene given a single RGB image. We propose a fully convolutional architecture, encompassing residual learning, to model the ambiguous mapping between monocular images and depth maps. In order to improve the output resolution, we present a novel way to efficiently learn feature map up-sampling within the network. For optimization, we introduce the reverse Huber loss that is particularly suited for the task at hand and driven by the value distributions commonly present in depth maps. Our model is composed of a single architecture …

Dark Spot Detection from SAR Images Based on Superpixel Deeper Graph Convolutional Network

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is the main instrument utilized for the detection of oil slicks on the ocean surface. In SAR images, some areas affected by ocean phenomena, such as rain cells, upwellings, and internal waves, or discharge from oil spills appear as dark spots on images. Dark spot detection is the first step in the detection of oil spills, which then become oil slick candidates. The accuracy of dark spot segmentation ultimately affects the accuracy of oil slick identification. Although some advanced deep learning methods that use pixels as processing units perform well in remote s…

Learning Deep Convolutional Embeddings for Face Representation Using Joint Sample- and Set-based Supervision

In this work, we investigate several methods and strategies to learn deep embeddings for face recognition, using joint sample- and set-based optimization. We explain our framework that expands traditional learning with set-based supervision together with the strategies used to maintain set characteristics. We, then, briefly review the related set-based loss functions, and subsequently propose a novel Max-Margin Loss which maximizes maximum possible inter-class margin with assistance of Support Vector Machines (SVMs). It implicitly pushes all the samples towards correct side of the margin with …

Learning Differential Diagnosis of Skin Conditions with Co-occurrence Supervision using Graph Convolutional Networks

Skin conditions are reported the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden worldwide. However, given the colossal spectrum of skin disorders defined clinically and shortage in dermatology expertise, diagnosing skin conditions in a timely and accurate manner remains a challenging task. Using computer vision technologies, a deep learning system has proven effective assisting clinicians in image diagnostics of radiology, ophthalmology and more. In this paper, we propose a deep learning system (DLS) that may predict differential diagnosis of skin conditions using clinical images. Our DLS formul…

用于土木应用的一类损伤检测器：基于更深全卷积数据描述

One-class Damage Detector Using Deeper Fully-Convolutional Data Descriptions for Civil Application

本文提出基于更深全卷积数据描述的一类损伤检测器，用于土木工程中的混凝土和钢腐蚀检测，并在自然灾害数据集上验证其优于基线模型，实现鲁棒且可解释的损伤检测。

Action Recognition via Pose-Based Graph Convolutional Networks with Intermediate Dense Supervision

Pose-based action recognition has drawn considerable attention recently. Existing methods exploit the joint positions to extract the body-part features from the activation map of the convolutional networks to assist human action recognition. However, these features are simply concatenated or max-pooled in previous works. The structured correlations among the body parts, which are essential for understanding complex human actions, are not fully exploited. To address the problem, we propose a pose-based graph convolutional network (PGCN), which encodes the body-part features into a human-based s…

Visualizing and Comparing Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved comparable error rates to well-trained human on ILSVRC2014 image classification task. To achieve better performance, the complexity of CNNs is continually increasing with deeper and bigger architectures. Though CNNs achieved promising external classification behavior, understanding of their internal work mechanism is still limited. In this work, we attempt to understand the internal work mechanism of CNNs by probing the internal representations in two comprehensive aspects, i.e., visualizing patches in the representation spaces constructed by …

A Novel Design of Adaptive and Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks using Partial Reconfiguration on FPGA

Nowadays most research in visual recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) follows the "deeper model with deeper confidence" belief to gain a higher recognition accuracy. At the same time, deeper model brings heavier computation. On the other hand, for a large chunk of recognition challenges, a system can classify images correctly using simple models or so-called shallow networks. Moreover, the implementation of CNNs faces with the size, weight, and energy constraints on the embedded devices. In this paper, we implement the adaptive switching between shallow and deep networks to r…

MDReg-Net: Multi-resolution diffeomorphic image registration using fully convolutional networks with deep self-supervision

We present a diffeomorphic image registration algorithm to learn spatial transformations between pairs of images to be registered using fully convolutional networks (FCNs) under a self-supervised learning setting. The network is trained to estimate diffeomorphic spatial transformations between pairs of images by maximizing an image-wise similarity metric between fixed and warped moving images, similar to conventional image registration algorithms. It is implemented in a multi-resolution image registration framework to optimize and learn spatial transformations at different image resolutions jo…

Non-rigid image registration using fully convolutional networks with deep self-supervision

We propose a novel non-rigid image registration algorithm that is built upon fully convolutional networks (FCNs) to optimize and learn spatial transformations between pairs of images to be registered. Different from most existing deep learning based image registration methods that learn spatial transformations from training data with known corresponding spatial transformations, our method directly estimates spatial transformations between pairs of images by maximizing an image-wise similarity metric between fixed and deformed moving images, similar to conventional image registration algorithms…

Convolutional Patch Representations for Image Retrieval: an Unsupervised Approach

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently received a lot of attention due to their ability to model local stationary structures in natural images in a multi-scale fashion, when learning all model parameters with supervision. While excellent performance was achieved for image classification when large amounts of labeled visual data are available, their success for un-supervised tasks such as image retrieval has been moderate so far. Our paper focuses on this latter setting and explores several methods for learning patch descriptors without supervision with application to matching and i…

A critical analysis of self-supervision, or what we can learn from a single image

We look critically at popular self-supervision techniques for learning deep convolutional neural networks without manual labels. We show that three different and representative methods, BiGAN, RotNet and DeepCluster, can learn the first few layers of a convolutional network from a single image as well as using millions of images and manual labels, provided that strong data augmentation is used. However, for deeper layers the gap with manual supervision cannot be closed even if millions of unlabelled images are used for training. We conclude that: (1) the weights of the early layers of deep net…

Improving Spatiotemporal Self-Supervision by Deep Reinforcement Learning

Self-supervised learning of convolutional neural networks can harness large amounts of cheap unlabeled data to train powerful feature representations. As surrogate task, we jointly address ordering of visual data in the spatial and temporal domain. The permutations of training samples, which are at the core of self-supervision by ordering, have so far been sampled randomly from a fixed preselected set. Based on deep reinforcement learning we propose a sampling policy that adapts to the state of the network, which is being trained. Therefore, new permutations are sampled according to their expe…

Computation-Performance Optimization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Redundant Kernel Removal

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely employed in modern computer vision algorithms, where the input image is convolved iteratively by many kernels to extract the knowledge behind it. However, with the depth of convolutional layers getting deeper and deeper in recent years, the enormous computational complexity makes it difficult to be deployed on embedded systems with limited hardware resources. In this paper, we propose two computation-performance optimization methods to reduce the redundant convolution kernels of a CNN with performance and architecture constraints, and apply …

COCO_TS Dataset: Pixel-level Annotations Based on Weak Supervision for Scene Text Segmentation

The absence of large scale datasets with pixel-level supervisions is a significant obstacle for the training of deep convolutional networks for scene text segmentation. For this reason, synthetic data generation is normally employed to enlarge the training dataset. Nonetheless, synthetic data cannot reproduce the complexity and variability of natural images. In this paper, a weakly supervised learning approach is used to reduce the shift between training on real and synthetic data. Pixel-level supervisions for a text detection dataset (i.e. where only bounding-box annotations are available) ar…

Fully Convolutional Networks for Panoptic Segmentation with Point-based Supervision

In this paper, we present a conceptually simple, strong, and efficient framework for fully- and weakly-supervised panoptic segmentation, called Panoptic FCN. Our approach aims to represent and predict foreground things and background stuff in a unified fully convolutional pipeline, which can be optimized with point-based fully or weak supervision. In particular, Panoptic FCN encodes each object instance or stuff category with the proposed kernel generator and produces the prediction by convolving the high-resolution feature directly. With this approach, instance-aware and semantically consiste…

Timestamp-Supervised Action Segmentation with Graph Convolutional Networks

We introduce a novel approach for temporal activity segmentation with timestamp supervision. Our main contribution is a graph convolutional network, which is learned in an end-to-end manner to exploit both frame features and connections between neighboring frames to generate dense framewise labels from sparse timestamp labels. The generated dense framewise labels can then be used to train the segmentation model. In addition, we propose a framework for alternating learning of both the segmentation model and the graph convolutional model, which first initializes and then iteratively refines the …

Constrained Deep Weak Supervision for Histopathology Image Segmentation

In this paper, we develop a new weakly-supervised learning algorithm to learn to segment cancerous regions in histopathology images. Our work is under a multiple instance learning framework (MIL) with a new formulation, deep weak supervision (DWS); we also propose an effective way to introduce constraints to our neural networks to assist the learning process. The contributions of our algorithm are threefold: (1) We build an end-to-end learning system that segments cancerous regions with fully convolutional networks (FCN) in which image-to-image weakly-supervised learning is performed. (2) We d…

Data-Driven Deep Supervision for Skin Lesion Classification

Automatic classification of pigmented, non-pigmented, and depigmented non-melanocytic skin lesions have garnered lots of attention in recent years. However, imaging variations in skin texture, lesion shape, depigmentation contrast, lighting condition, etc. hinder robust feature extraction, affecting classification accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new deep neural network that exploits input data for robust feature extraction. Specifically, we analyze the convolutional network's behavior (field-of-view) to find the location of deep supervision for improved feature extraction. To achieve thi…

Self-Supervised Convolutional Subspace Clustering Network

Subspace clustering methods based on data self-expression have become very popular for learning from data that lie in a union of low-dimensional linear subspaces. However, the applicability of subspace clustering has been limited because practical visual data in raw form do not necessarily lie in such linear subspaces. On the other hand, while Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for extracting discriminative features from visual data, training such a ConvNet usually requires a large amount of labeled data, which are unavailable in subspace cluster…

Delving Deeper into Convolutional Networks for Learning Video Representations

We propose an approach to learn spatio-temporal features in videos from intermediate visual representations we call "percepts" using Gated-Recurrent-Unit Recurrent Networks (GRUs).Our method relies on percepts that are extracted from all level of a deep convolutional network trained on the large ImageNet dataset. While high-level percepts contain highly discriminative information, they tend to have a low-spatial resolution. Low-level percepts, on the other hand, preserve a higher spatial resolution from which we can model finer motion patterns. Using low-level percepts can leads to high-dimens…

DeeperGCN: All You Need to Train Deeper GCNs

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have been drawing significant attention with the power of representation learning on graphs. Unlike Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which are able to take advantage of stacking very deep layers, GCNs suffer from vanishing gradient, over-smoothing and over-fitting issues when going deeper. These challenges limit the representation power of GCNs on large-scale graphs. This paper proposes DeeperGCN that is capable of successfully and reliably training very deep GCNs. We define differentiable generalized aggregation functions to unify different message agg…

Class-Aware Fully-Convolutional Gaussian and Poisson Denoising

We propose a fully-convolutional neural-network architecture for image denoising which is simple yet powerful. Its structure allows to exploit the gradual nature of the denoising process, in which shallow layers handle local noise statistics, while deeper layers recover edges and enhance textures. Our method advances the state-of-the-art when trained for different noise levels and distributions (both Gaussian and Poisson). In addition, we show that making the denoiser class-aware by exploiting semantic class information boosts performance, enhances textures and reduces artifacts.

增强可学习描述性卷积视觉变换器用于人脸反欺骗

Enhancing Learnable Descriptive Convolutional Vision Transformer for Face Anti-Spoofing

本文提出三种训练策略（双注意力监督、自我挑战监督、过渡三元组挖掘）增强LDCformer人脸反欺骗模型，提升特征表征与域泛化能力，实验证明优于现有方法。

Recursive Training of 2D-3D Convolutional Networks for Neuronal Boundary Detection

Efforts to automate the reconstruction of neural circuits from 3D electron microscopic (EM) brain images are critical for the field of connectomics. An important computation for reconstruction is the detection of neuronal boundaries. Images acquired by serial section EM, a leading 3D EM technique, are highly anisotropic, with inferior quality along the third dimension. For such images, the 2D max-pooling convolutional network has set the standard for performance at boundary detection. Here we achieve a substantial gain in accuracy through three innovations. Following the trend towards deeper n…

Faster Convergence in Deep-Predictive-Coding Networks to Learn Deeper Representations

Deep-predictive-coding networks (DPCNs) are hierarchical, generative models. They rely on feed-forward and feed-back connections to modulate latent feature representations of stimuli in a dynamic and context-sensitive manner. A crucial element of DPCNs is a forward-backward inference procedure to uncover sparse, invariant features. However, this inference is a major computational bottleneck. It severely limits the network depth due to learning stagnation. Here, we prove why this bottleneck occurs. We then propose a new forward-inference strategy based on accelerated proximal gradients. This st…

Going Deeper with Contextual CNN for Hyperspectral Image Classification

In this paper, we describe a novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that is deeper and wider than other existing deep networks for hyperspectral image classification. Unlike current state-of-the-art approaches in CNN-based hyperspectral image classification, the proposed network, called contextual deep CNN, can optimally explore local contextual interactions by jointly exploiting local spatio-spectral relationships of neighboring individual pixel vectors. The joint exploitation of the spatio-spectral information is achieved by a multi-scale convolutional filter bank used as an initial c…

Personalized Human Activity Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks

A major barrier to the personalized Human Activity Recognition using wearable sensors is that the performance of the recognition model drops significantly upon adoption of the system by new users or changes in physical/ behavioral status of users. Therefore, the model needs to be retrained by collecting new labeled data in the new context. In this study, we develop a transfer learning framework using convolutional neural networks to build a personalized activity recognition model with minimal user supervision.

Selective Convolutional Network: An Efficient Object Detector with Ignoring Background

It is well known that attention mechanisms can effectively improve the performance of many CNNs including object detectors. Instead of refining feature maps prevalently, we reduce the prohibitive computational complexity by a novel attempt at attention. Therefore, we introduce an efficient object detector called Selective Convolutional Network (SCN), which selectively calculates only on the locations that contain meaningful and conducive information. The basic idea is to exclude the insignificant background areas, which effectively reduces the computational cost especially during the feature e…

Towards Efficient Convolutional Network Models with Filter Distribution Templates

Increasing number of filters in deeper layers when feature maps are decreased is a widely adopted pattern in convolutional network design. It can be found in classical CNN architectures and in automatic discovered models. Even CNS methods commonly explore a selection of multipliers derived from this pyramidal pattern. We defy this practice by introducing a small set of templates consisting of easy to implement, intuitive and aggressive variations of the original pyramidal distribution of filters in VGG and ResNet architectures. Experiments on CIFAR, CINIC10 and TinyImagenet datasets show that …

Iris Presentation Attack Detection by Attention-based and Deep Pixel-wise Binary Supervision Network

Iris presentation attack detection (PAD) plays a vital role in iris recognition systems. Most existing CNN-based iris PAD solutions 1) perform only binary label supervision during the training of CNNs, serving global information learning but weakening the capture of local discriminative features, 2) prefer the stacked deeper convolutions or expert-designed networks, raising the risk of overfitting, 3) fuse multiple PAD systems or various types of features, increasing difficulty for deployment on mobile devices. Hence, we propose a novel attention-based deep pixel-wise binary supervision (A-PBS…

A Deeper Look into DeepCap

Human performance capture is a highly important computer vision problem with many applications in movie production and virtual/augmented reality. Many previous performance capture approaches either required expensive multi-view setups or did not recover dense space-time coherent geometry with frame-to-frame correspondences. We propose a novel deep learning approach for monocular dense human performance capture. Our method is trained in a weakly supervised manner based on multi-view supervision completely removing the need for training data with 3D ground truth annotations. The network architec…

Learning to Estimate Pose by Watching Videos

In this paper we propose a technique for obtaining coarse pose estimation of humans in an image that does not require any manual supervision. While a general unsupervised technique would fail to estimate human pose, we suggest that sufficient information about coarse pose can be obtained by observing human motion in multiple frames. Specifically, we consider obtaining surrogate supervision through videos as a means for obtaining motion based grouping cues. We supplement the method using a basic object detector that detects persons. With just these components we obtain a rough estimate of the h…

Learning to Refine Object Contours with a Top-Down Fully Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Network

We develop a novel deep contour detection algorithm with a top-down fully convolutional encoder-decoder network. Our proposed method, named TD-CEDN, solves two important issues in this low-level vision problem: (1) learning multi-scale and multi-level features; and (2) applying an effective top-down refined approach in the networks. TD-CEDN performs the pixel-wise prediction by means of leveraging features at all layers of the net. Unlike skip connections and previous encoder-decoder methods, we first learn a coarse feature map after the encoder stage in a feedforward pass, and then refine thi…

Going deeper with Image Transformers

Transformers have been recently adapted for large scale image classification, achieving high scores shaking up the long supremacy of convolutional neural networks. However the optimization of image transformers has been little studied so far. In this work, we build and optimize deeper transformer networks for image classification. In particular, we investigate the interplay of architecture and optimization of such dedicated transformers. We make two transformers architecture changes that significantly improve the accuracy of deep transformers. This leads us to produce models whose performance …

Semantic Edge Detection with Diverse Deep Supervision

Semantic edge detection (SED), which aims at jointly extracting edges as well as their category information, has far-reaching applications in domains such as semantic segmentation, object proposal generation, and object recognition. SED naturally requires achieving two distinct supervision targets: locating fine detailed edges and identifying high-level semantics. Our motivation comes from the hypothesis that such distinct targets prevent state-of-the-art SED methods from effectively using deep supervision to improve results. To this end, we propose a novel fully convolutional neural network u…

Gland Instance Segmentation by Deep Multichannel Side Supervision

In this paper, we propose a new image instance segmentation method that segments individual glands (instances) in colon histology images. This is a task called instance segmentation that has recently become increasingly important. The problem is challenging since not only do the glands need to be segmented from the complex background, they are also required to be individually identified. Here we leverage the idea of image-to-image prediction in recent deep learning by building a framework that automatically exploits and fuses complex multichannel information, regional and boundary patterns, wi…

Interpretable Compositional Convolutional Neural Networks

The reasonable definition of semantic interpretability presents the core challenge in explainable AI. This paper proposes a method to modify a traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) into an interpretable compositional CNN, in order to learn filters that encode meaningful visual patterns in intermediate convolutional layers. In a compositional CNN, each filter is supposed to consistently represent a specific compositional object part or image region with a clear meaning. The compositional CNN learns from image labels for classification without any annotations of parts or regions for sup…

Taking a Deeper Look at Pedestrians

In this paper we study the use of convolutional neural networks (convnets) for the task of pedestrian detection. Despite their recent diverse successes, convnets historically underperform compared to other pedestrian detectors. We deliberately omit explicitly modelling the problem into the network (e.g. parts or occlusion modelling) and show that we can reach competitive performance without bells and whistles. In a wide range of experiments we analyse small and big convnets, their architectural choices, parameters, and the influence of different training data, including pre-training on surroga…

Learning under Distributed Weak Supervision

The availability of training data for supervision is a frequently encountered bottleneck of medical image analysis methods. While typically established by a clinical expert rater, the increase in acquired imaging data renders traditional pixel-wise segmentations less feasible. In this paper, we examine the use of a crowdsourcing platform for the distribution of super-pixel weak annotation tasks and collect such annotations from a crowd of non-expert raters. The crowd annotations are subsequently used for training a fully convolutional neural network to address the problem of fetal brain segmen…

GAN-Knowledge Distillation for one-stage Object Detection

Convolutional neural networks have a significant improvement in the accuracy of Object detection. As convolutional neural networks become deeper, the accuracy of detection is also obviously improved, and more floating-point calculations are needed. Many researchers use the knowledge distillation method to improve the accuracy of student networks by transferring knowledge from a deeper and larger teachers network to a small student network, in object detection. Most methods of knowledge distillation need to designed complex cost functions and they are aimed at the two-stage object detection alg…

Going Deeper with Convolutions

We propose a deep convolutional neural network architecture codenamed "Inception", which was responsible for setting the new state of the art for classification and detection in the ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2014 (ILSVRC 2014). The main hallmark of this architecture is the improved utilization of the computing resources inside the network. This was achieved by a carefully crafted design that allows for increasing the depth and width of the network while keeping the computational budget constant. To optimize quality, the architectural decisions were based on the Hebbian …

Learning Deep Representations for Word Spotting Under Weak Supervision

Convolutional Neural Networks have made their mark in various fields of computer vision in recent years. They have achieved state-of-the-art performance in the field of document analysis as well. However, CNNs require a large amount of annotated training data and, hence, great manual effort. In our approach, we introduce a method to drastically reduce the manual annotation effort while retaining the high performance of a CNN for word spotting in handwritten documents. The model is learned with weak supervision using a combination of synthetically generated training data and a small subset of t…

DeepViT: Towards Deeper Vision Transformer

Vision transformers (ViTs) have been successfully applied in image classification tasks recently. In this paper, we show that, unlike convolution neural networks (CNNs)that can be improved by stacking more convolutional layers, the performance of ViTs saturate fast when scaled to be deeper. More specifically, we empirically observe that such scaling difficulty is caused by the attention collapse issue: as the transformer goes deeper, the attention maps gradually become similar and even much the same after certain layers. In other words, the feature maps tend to be identical in the top layers o…

用于细粒度手术活动识别的弱监督时序卷积网络

Weakly Supervised Temporal Convolutional Networks for Fine-grained Surgical Activity Recognition

本文提出利用粗粒度阶段标签作为弱监督，通过步骤-阶段依赖损失和以ResNet-50为骨干的SS-TCN，在少量步骤标注下实现细粒度手术步骤识别，并在两个手术视频数据集上验证了有效性。

Orientation-guided Graph Convolutional Network for Bone Surface Segmentation

Due to imaging artifacts and low signal-to-noise ratio in ultrasound images, automatic bone surface segmentation networks often produce fragmented predictions that can hinder the success of ultrasound-guided computer-assisted surgical procedures. Existing pixel-wise predictions often fail to capture the accurate topology of bone tissues due to a lack of supervision to enforce connectivity. In this work, we propose an orientation-guided graph convolutional network to improve connectivity while segmenting the bone surface. We also propose an additional supervision on the orientation of the bone …

Fully Convolutional Multi-Class Multiple Instance Learning

Multiple instance learning (MIL) can reduce the need for costly annotation in tasks such as semantic segmentation by weakening the required degree of supervision. We propose a novel MIL formulation of multi-class semantic segmentation learning by a fully convolutional network. In this setting, we seek to learn a semantic segmentation model from just weak image-level labels. The model is trained end-to-end to jointly optimize the representation while disambiguating the pixel-image label assignment. Fully convolutional training accepts inputs of any size, does not need object proposal pre-proces…