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arXiv 1503.07208quant-phcond-mat.str-el
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拓扑色码与保序拓扑相

Topological color code and symmetry-protected topological phases

Beni Yoshida

摘要:

我们研究了$(d-1)$维激发的$d$维色码,创建由横向应用的$R_{d}$相位运营商的量子比特的连接子区域。我们发现,这样的激发是电荷的叠加,可以用固定点波函数的$(d-1)$ -维玻色子SPT相位与$(\mathbb{Z}_{2})^{\otimes d}$对称性。虽然这些SPT激发位于$(d-1)$维边界上,但它们的产生需要作用于边界内的所有量子位的操作,这反映了新兴SPT波函数的非平凡性。此外,这些SPT激发可以物理地实现为透明的有间隙的畴壁,其在色码中交换激发。即,在三维色码中,与横向$R_{3}$算子相关联的畴壁交换磁通量和磁通量与环状SPT激励的复合物,揭示了高维TQFT中边界的丰富可能性。我们还发现,磁通量和环状SPT激发表现出非平凡的三圈编织统计在三维的事实,即$R_{3}$相位算子属于Clifford层次的第三层。我们相信,SPT激发,容错逻辑门和带隙畴壁之间的联系,建立在本文中,可以推广到一个大类的拓扑量子码和TQFT。

英文摘要:

We study $(d-1)$-dimensional excitations in the $d$-dimensional color code that are created by transversal application of the $R_{d}$ phase operators on connected subregions of qubits. We find that such excitations are superpositions of electric charges and can be characterized by fixed-point wavefunctions of $(d-1)$-dimensional bosonic SPT phases with $(\mathbb{Z}_{2})^{\otimes d}$ symmetry. While these SPT excitations are localized on $(d-1)$-dimensional boundaries, their creation requires operations acting on all qubits inside the boundaries, reflecting the non-triviality of emerging SPT wavefunctions. Moreover, these SPT-excitations can be physically realized as transparent gapped domain walls which exchange excitations in the color code. Namely, in the three-dimensional color code, the domain wall, associated with the transversal $R_{3}$ operator, exchanges a magnetic flux and a composite of a magnetic flux and loop-like SPT excitation, revealing rich possibilities of boundaries in higher-dimensional TQFTs. We also find that magnetic fluxes and loop-like SPT excitations exhibit non-trivial three-loop braiding statistics in three dimensions as a result of the fact that the $R_{3}$ phase operator belongs to the third-level of the Clifford hierarchy. We believe that the connection between SPT excitations, fault-tolerant logical gates and gapped domain walls, established in this paper, can be generalized to a large class of topological quantum codes and TQFTs.

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