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arXiv 1503.07057astro-ph.SR
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从色球凝聚的辐射-流体动力学模拟对白光耀斑发射的新认识

New Insights into White-Light Flare Emission from Radiative-Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Chromospheric Condensation

Adam F. Kowalski, Suzanne L. Hawley, Mats Carlsson, Joel C. Allred, Han Uitenbroek, Rachel A. Osten, Gordon Holman

摘要:

M矮星耀斑期间高密度下的加热机制知之甚少。在光学和近紫外波长范围内的M型矮耀斑的光谱揭示了在脉冲阶段期间的三个连续分量:1)在蓝光中具有T $\sim$ 10,000 K的色温的能量主导黑体分量,2)在λ $<$ 3646埃处的近紫外中的较少量的巴耳末连续谱发射和3)明显的伪混合高阶巴耳末线的连续体。这些属性是不能复制的模型,采用一个典型的“太阳型”耀斑加热水平的非热电子,因此,我们对这些光谱的理解是有限的现象学解释。本文提出了一个新的M型矮耀斑的一维辐射流体动力学模型,它是由具有$10^{13}$ erg cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$的大能流的非热电子沉淀而成的。模拟产生明亮的连续辐射从一个密集的,热的色球凝聚。第一次,观测到的色温和巴耳末跳跃比产生自洽的辐射流体动力学耀斑模型。我们发现一个T $\sim$ 10,000 K的类黑体连续分量和一个小的Balmer跳跃比的结果,从光学厚的Balmer和Paschen复合辐射,因此,通量谱的性质是由蓝光逃逸在一个更大的物理深度范围内相比,红色和近紫外光。为了模拟近紫外伪连续先前归因于重叠的巴耳末线,我们包括额外的巴耳末连续不透明度从朗道-齐纳转换,导致合并,高阶能级的氢在一个密集的,部分电离的大气。这揭示了一个新的诊断环境电荷密度在dMe和太阳耀斑期间被加热的大气中的dennial区域。

英文摘要:

(abridged) The heating mechanism at high densities during M dwarf flares is poorly understood. Spectra of M dwarf flares in the optical and near-ultraviolet wavelength regimes have revealed three continuum components during the impulsive phase: 1) an energetically dominant blackbody component with a color temperature of T $\sim$ 10,000 K in the blue-optical, 2) a smaller amount of Balmer continuum emission in the near-ultraviolet at lambda $<$ 3646 Angstroms and 3) an apparent pseudo-continuum of blended high-order Balmer lines. These properties are not reproduced by models that employ a typical "solar-type" flare heating level in nonthermal electrons, and therefore our understanding of these spectra is limited to a phenomenological interpretation. We present a new 1D radiative-hydrodynamic model of an M dwarf flare from precipitating nonthermal electrons with a large energy flux of $10^{13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation produces bright continuum emission from a dense, hot chromospheric condensation. For the first time, the observed color temperature and Balmer jump ratio are produced self-consistently in a radiative-hydrodynamic flare model. We find that a T $\sim$ 10,000 K blackbody-like continuum component and a small Balmer jump ratio result from optically thick Balmer and Paschen recombination radiation, and thus the properties of the flux spectrum are caused by blue light escaping over a larger physical depth range compared to red and near-ultraviolet light. To model the near-ultraviolet pseudo-continuum previously attributed to overlapping Balmer lines, we include the extra Balmer continuum opacity from Landau-Zener transitions that result from merged, high order energy levels of hydrogen in a dense, partially ionized atmosphere. This reveals a new diagnostic of ambient charge density in the densest regions of the atmosphere that are heated during dMe and solar flares.

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