A detailed study of optical properties of bismuth-doped fibers based on SiO2 and GeO2 glasses containing no other dopants has been carried out. To provide important information about spectroscopic properties of IR bismuth-related active centers (BAC) the excitation-emission fluorescence spectra for a spectral region of 220-2000 nm have been measured. The obtained three-dimensional spectra have been presented for different host glass compositions: silicate, germanate, aluminosilicate and phosphosilicate. Energy-level configuration and main radiative transitions associated with BACs in GeO2 and SiO2 glasses have been revealed. Fluorescence lifetime analysis of the basic radiative transitions of BAC have been carried out. It has been shown that the energy-level schemes of BAC-Si and BAC-Ge (BAC associated with silicon and germanium, respectively) are similar, corresponding BAC-Ge energy levels lying 10-16% lower than those of BAC-Si. It has been determined that BAC-Si, BAC-Ge and BAC-Si, BAC-P can exist simultaneously in bismuth-doped germanosilicate and phosphosilicate fibers, respectively. Optical amplification in the wavelength range 1410-1470 nm and lasing at 1460 nm in SiO2 glass fiber doped with bismuth have been demonstrated for the first time. The optical gain and lasing in this fiber were based on the radiative transition between the first excited and ground energy levels belonging to BAC-Si. Anti-stokes luminescence spectra of BAC-Si and BAC-Ge in optical fibers under the two-step excitation have been measured and analyzed in detail.
Subvalent bismuth centers (interstitial $Bi^{+}$ ion, Bi$_5^{3+}$ cluster ion, and Bi$_4^0$ cluster) are examined as possible centers of broadband near-IR luminescence in bismuth-doped solids on the grounds of quantum-chemical modeling and experimental data.
3D excitation-emission luminescence spectra of Bi-doped optical fibers of various compositions were measured in a wide wavelength range 450-1700 nm. Such luminescence spectra were obtained for Bi-doped pure silica and germania fibers, and for Bi-doped Al- or P-codoped silica fibers (at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures). The energy level schemes of IR bismuth active centers in pure silica and germania core fibers were derived from spectra obtained. The energy level schemes similarity of bismuth active centers in these two types of fibers was revealed.
IR luminescence and absorption in bismuth-doped silica glass-core fibers observed recently (see [arXiv:1106.2969v1 [physics.optics]) are argued to be caused by transitions in interstitial BiO molecules
Experimental and computer-modeling studies of spectral properties of crystalline AgCl doped with metal bismuth or bismuth chloride are performed. Broad near-IR luminescence band in the 0.8--1.2mkm range with time dependence described by two exponential components corresponding to the lifetimes of 1.5 and 10.3mks is excited mainly by 0.39--0.44mkm radiation. Computer modeling of probable Bi-related centers in AgCl lattice is performed. On the basis of experimental and calculation data a conclusion is drawn that the IR luminescence can be caused by Bi^+ ion centers substituted for Ag^+ ions.
In the offered review ordering received and published by domestic and foreign researchers of the experimental results showing the phenomenon of a photoluminescence in glasses and optical fiber, activated by bismuth is executed, and from uniform positions representations about the process responsible for a photoluminescence in case of use for excitation of this environment of various laser sources are considered. At interpretation of process of a photoluminescence the known model considering mirror symmetry of features of frequency spectra of a photoluminescence (in this case the maximum values…
A comparative first-principles study of possible bismuth-related centers in TlCl and CsI crystals is performed and the results of computer modeling are compared with the experimental data. The calculated spectral properties of the bismuth centers suggest that the IR luminescence observed in TlCl:Bi is most likely caused by Bi--Vac(Cl) centers (Bi^+ ion in thallium site and a negatively charged chlorine vacancy in the nearest anion site). On the contrary, Bi^+ substitutional ions and Bi_2^+ dimers are most likely responsible for the IR luminescence observed in CsI:Bi.
Experimental and theoretical studies of spectral properties of crystalline TlCl:Bi are performed. Two broad near-infrared luminescence bands with a lifetime about 0.25 ms are observed: a strong band near 1.18 mkm excited by 0.40, 0.45, 0.70 and 0.80 mkm radiation, and a weak band at > 1.5 mkm excited by 0.40 and 0.45 mkm radiation. Computer modeling of Bi-related centers in TlCl lattice suggests that Bi^+__V^-(Cl) center (Bi^+ in Tl site and a negatively charged Cl vacancy in the nearest anion site) is most likely responsible for the IR luminescence.
The temperature dependences of optical loss and luminescence spectra have been measured in visible and NIR spectral range for Bi-doped silica and Bi-doped germanosilicate fibers for the first time. The temperature dependence of luminescence lifetime for Si-associated active bismuth centers in germanosilicate fiber was measured. It has been revealed, that distribution of Bi3+ ions across the fiber preform is essentially different as compared to that of NIR active bismuth centers. Data received indicates that NIR-active centers are associated with the low oxidation state of bismuth ion and/or ox…
We have argued that a high-purity Yb-doped silica glass can potentially be cooled via anti-Stokes fluorescence optical refrigeration. This conclusion is reached by showing, using reasonable assumptions for the host material properties, that the non-radiative decay rate of Yb ions can be made substantially smaller than the radiative decay rate. Therefore, an internal quantum efficiency of near unity can be obtained. Using spectral measurements of the fluorescence emission from a Yb-doped silica optical fiber at different temperatures, we estimate the minimum achievable temperature in Yb-doped s…
Tellurite glass fibers with embedded nanodiamond are attractive materials for quantum photonics applications. Reducing the loss of these fibers in the 600-800 nm wavelength range of nanodiamond fluorescence is essential to exploit the unique properties of nanodiamond in the new hybrid material. The first part of this study reported the origin of loss in nanodiamond-doped glass and impact of glass fabrication conditions. Here, we report the fabrication of nanodiamond-doped tellurite fibers with significantly reduced loss in the visible through further understanding of the impact of glass fabric…
Self-diffraction rings or spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) was observed in tetra-phenyl porphyrin derivative 5,10,15,20 - meso-tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (H2TPP(OH)4) doped in boric acid glass (BAG) at 671 nm excitation wave-length lying within the absorption band of sample with TEM00 mode profile. Intensity modulated Z-scan was performed on these systems to study the thermal diffusion and to estimate the thermo-optic coefficients. The results obtained from self-diffraction rings experiment and modulated Z-scan are compared and analyzed for different concentration.
Samples of Ag$^+$/Na$^{+}$ ion-exchanged glass that have been subject to intense laser irradiation may develop novel optical properties, as a consequence of the formation of patterns of silver nanoparticles and other structures. Here, we report the observation of a laser-induced permanent transverse birefringence, with the optical axis forming a radial pattern, as revealed by the spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion occurring in a probe light beam. The birefringence pattern can be modeled well as resulting from thermally-induced stresses arising in the silver-doped glass during laser ex…
We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of a dual-wavelength, bismuth-doped fiber (BDF) laser operating near 1700 nm based on cascaded cavities. The BDF provides optical gain from 1650 nm to 1800 nm when pumped at 1550 nm; the laser cavity is defined by a 90% mirror on one end and two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) separated by a length of BDF on the other. The laser can operate at either wavelength alone or both wavelengths simultaneously by simple adjustment of the pump power. Experimental results correlate well simulations based on a theoretical model of the laser…
Core-clad fibers on the basis of high-purity 1300 ppmw Pr(3+)-doped Ga-Ge-As-Se and 2000 ppmw Pr(3+) -doped In-Ge-As-Se-I glasses have been prepared. The minimum optical losses of the fibers are at the level of 1 dB/m in the wavelength range, where there is no influence of the praseodymium absorption. At present, it is the best result obtained for core-clad rare- earth-doped chalcogenide fibers with high dopant concentration. The fibers exhibit the broadband luminescence in the spectral range of 3.5-5.5 micron. The values of luminescence lifetime at the wavelength of 4.7 micron are within 6.5-…
This paper presents the progress in the fields of the modelling and design of lanthanide ion doped chalcogenide glass fiber lasers. It presents the laser cavity designs that have been developed in order to optimize the performance of lanthanide ion doped chalcogenide glass fiber lasers. Also various numerical algorithms that have been applied for the optimization of chalcogenide glass lasers are reviewed and compared. The comparison shows that a combination of less accurate but more robust algorithms with more accurate ones gives the most promising performance.
Rare earth (RE) doped silica-based optical fibers with transparent glass ceramic (TGC) core was fabricated through the well-known modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process without going through the commonly used stage of post-ceramming. The main characteristics of the RE-doped oxyde nanoparticles namely, their density and mean diameter in the fibers are dictated by the concentration of alkaline earth element used as phase separating agent. Magnesium and erbium co-doped fibers were fabricated. Optical transmission in term of loss due to scattering as well as some spectroscopic character…
With the ultimate goal of developing rare-earth doped chalcogenide fiber fabrication for sensing, amplification, and laser applications, a core/clad germanium-gallium sulfide fiber doped with Pr$^{3+}$ has been fabricated. The compositions of the core and the clad were selected to ensure the positive $Δ$n by adding CdI$_2$ and CsCl, respectively, in the GeS$_2$ -Ga$_2$S$_3$ matrix. The choice of these compositions was also justified from experimental parameters, including characteristic temperatures and viscosity. Moreover, the permanent photo writability of the sulfide glass family by a femto…
We experimentally demonstrate optical bistability in Er3+-Yb3+ phosphate glass microspheres at 295 K. Bistability is associated with both Er3+ fluorescence and lasing behavior, and chromatic switching. The chromatic switching results from an intrinsic mechanism exploiting the thermal coupling of closely-spaced energy levels, and occurs simultaneously with the intensity switching. A contrast ratio of 3.2 has been obtained for chromatic switching, and the intensity switching shows ratios of 2.4 for 550 nm and, 1.8 for the 660 nm fluorescence emissions, and 11 for the IR lasing at 1.5 um. Concurr…
In this contribution, a comprehensive experimental study of photoluminescence from Pr3+/Dy3+ co-doped selenide-chalcogenide multimode fiber samples is discussed. The selenide-chalcogenide multimode fiber samples co-doped with 500 ppm of Pr3+ ions and 500 ppm of Dy3+ ions are prepared using conventional melt-quenching. The main objective of the study is the analysis of the pumping wavelength selection on the shape of the output spectrum. For this purpose, the Pr3+/Dy3+ co-doped selenide-chalcogenide multimode fiber samples are illuminated at one end using pump lasers operating at the wavelength…
We synthesize and study the properties of praseodymium doped fluoroindate glasses. Glass compositions with praseodymium molar concentrations up to 5% were obtained with good optical quality. Thermal, optical, and luminescence properties are investigated. Judd-Ofelt analysis is used to determine radiative lifetime and emission cross-section of the orange transition originating from the 3P0 level. We find that these glasses are good candidates for the realization of blue diode laser pumped orange lasers for quantum information processing applications.
Erbium doped materials are of great interest in optical telecommunications due to the Er3+ intra-4f emission at 1.54 ?m. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers (EDFA) were developed in silica glass because of the low losses at this wavelength and the reliability of this glass. Developments of new rare earth doped fibre amplifiers aim to control their spectroscopic properties including shape and width of the gain curve and optical quantum efficiency. Standard silica glass modifiers, such as aluminium, result in very good properties in current EDFA. However, for more drastic spectroscopic changes, more i…
Nd doped phosphate glasses have been studied before and after gamma irradiation in order to understand the effect of glass composition and radiation induced defects on the optical properties of glasses. UV, Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra of these glasses are found strongly dependent on the composition of glass matrix, particularly on the ratio of oxygen (O) and neodymium (Nd) concentration obtained from energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) measurement. Gamma irradiation of glass modifies the transmission below 700 nm due to generation of some new absorption bands correspon…
Samarium doped Na$_2$O-ZnO-TeO$_2$ (NZT) glasses were prepared by the melt quenching method. The glass-forming ability and glass stability of prepared glass was estimated by Hruby parameter using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The study of FTIR spectra and X-ray diffraction described the ionic nature and the amorphous pattern of glass respectively. The absorption peaks were observed for the transitions 6H5/2-4P3/2 at 402 nm,6H5/2-4M19/2 at 418 nm, 6H5/2-4I15/2 at 462 nm and 6H5/2-4I11/2 at 478 nm in the absorption spectra. The optical band gap energy…
Tellurite glass fibers with embedded nanodiamond are attractive materials for quantum photonic applications. Reducing the loss of these fibers in the 600-800 nm wavelength range of nanodiamond fluorescence is essential to exploit the unique properties of nanodiamond in the new hybrid material. In the first part of this study, we report the effect of interaction of the tellurite glass melt with the embedded nanodiamond on the loss of the glasses. The glass fabrication conditions such as melting temperature and concentration of NDs added to the melt were found to have critical influence on the i…
In the present paper, a unique semiconductor doped glass photonic crystal fiber has been designed which is suitable for soliton propagation at sub pico-Joule energy. The fiber promises to yield low and uniform anomalous dispersion profile and very large optical nonlinearities 25211 W^(-1) km^(-1) at telecommunication wavelength, thus facilitating soliton formation at ultralow energy. The observed magnitude of nonlinearity is the highest reported ever till date in AlGaAs doped glass. The soliton dynamics has been investigated taking into account of higher-order dispersions and nonlinearities. P…
Vanadium doped gallium lanthanum sulphide glass (V:GLS) displays three absorption bands at 580, 730 and 1155 nm identified by photoluminescence excitation measurements. Broad photoluminescence, with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 500 nm, is observed peaking at 1500 nm when exciting at 514, 808 and 1064 nm. The fluorescence lifetime and quantum efficiency at 300 K were measured to be 33.4 us and 4 % respectively. From the available spectroscopic data we propose the vanadium ions valence to be 3+ and be in tetrahedral coordination The results indicate potential for development of a laser or…
This is a comment on a paper by Kazansky et al. appeared in Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2199 (1999). We demonstrate that the bremsstrahlung of photoelectrons, which oscillate in the light field of an ultrashort laser pulse, accounts for the anomalous anisotropic light scattering, the "propeller effect", described in the paper of Kazansky et al. This mechanism of light emission could explain some results of white-light continuum generation and dielectric breakdown emission.
Quantifying temperature variations at the micron scale can provide new opportunities in optical sensing. In this paper, we present a novel approach using the temperature-dependent variations in fluorescence of rare-earth doped tellurite glass to provide a micron-scale image of temperature variations over a 200 micrometre field of view. We demonstrate the system by monitoring the evaporation of a water droplet and report a net temperature change of 7.04 K with a sensitivity of at least 0.12 K. These results establish the practicality of this confocal-based approach to provide high-resolution ma…
Experimental and theoretical studies of spectral properties of chalcogenide Ge-S and As-Ge-S glasses and fibers are performed. A broad infrared (IR) luminescence band which covers the 1.2-2.3~$μ$m range with a lifetime about 6~$μ$s is discovered. Similar luminescence is also present in optical fibers drawn from these glasses. Arsenic addition to Ge-S glass significantly enhances both its resistance to crystallization and the intensity of the luminescence. Computer modeling of Bi-related centers shows that interstitial Bi$^+$ ions adjacent to negatively charged S vacancies are most likely respo…
Long-lived population storage in optically pumped levels of rare-earth ions doped into solids, referred to as persistent spectral hole burning, is of significant fundamental and technological interest. However, the demonstration of deep and persistent holes in rare-earth ion doped amorphous hosts, e.g. glasses, has remained an open challenge since many decades -- a fact that motivates our work towards a better understanding of the interaction between impurities and vibrational modes in glasses. Here we report the first observation and detailed characterization of such holes in an erbium-doped …
An efficient method to fabricate transparent glass ceramic fibers containing in-situ grown Er3+-doped oxide nanoparticles is presented. Characterization of the drawn fibers exhibits low loss (0.4 dB/m) and broadened Er3+ emission spectrum. This attractive method offers new scopes for fiber amplifiers.
We investigate and report the optical and laser characteristics of a ytterbium-doped transverse Anderson localizing optical fiber to develop a fundamental understanding of the light propagation, generation, and amplification processes in this novel fiber. Ultimately, the goal based on the measurements and calculations conducted herein is to design and build a random fiber laser with a highly directional beam. The measurements are based on certain observations of the laser pump propagation and amplified spontaneous emission generation in this fiber. Judicious approximations are used in the prop…
In this work, nonlinear optical (NLO) studies of nickel oxide doped (ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 mol%) Li2SO4-MgO-P2O5 glasses are reported. A combination of femtosecond (fs) laser, as a pumping light source and a high-accuracy polarimeter with low power probing laser, is used to investigate the light-induced optical anisotropy (OA) in these glass materials. The light-induced birefringence (LIB) exhibits slow relaxation tendency up to about 10 s suggesting on anisotropic photorefractive effect evidently dominated fast Kerr effect. This behavior is evaluated in the light of other results reported r…
For crystalline materials with long-range orders, the phonon modes involved in the phonon-assisted radiation process are generally involving one or several phonons with specific vibration frequencies 1-4. In some glassy material, the phonon modes broaden in a short range 5-7. However, the locally distinct chemical environments or mass disorder in high-entropy systems can induce an anharmonic phonon-phonon coupling and composition disorder, which leads to significant phonon broadening 8,9.The terminology of high-entropy comes from the high configuration entropy larger than 1.5R (R is the gas co…
We demonstrate a range of novel functions based on a high index doped silica glass CMOS compatible platform. This platform has promise for telecommunications and on-chip WDM optical interconnects for computing.
This paper presents the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies of Nd doped phosphate glasses before and after gamma irradiation. The intensity and location of LIII edge white line peak of Nd are found to be dependent on the concentration of Nd as well as on the ratio of O/Nd in the glass matrix. The decrease in the peak intensity of white line of XANES spectra and asymmetry in the profile of Nd 3d5/2 peak of XPS after gamma irradiation clearly indicates that Nd3+ gets reduced to Nd2+ in the glass matrix, which increases with an increase…
We present experimental results on an all-optical, thermally-assisted technique for broad range tuning of microsphere cavity resonance modes to arbitrary probe wavelengths. An Er:Yb co-doped phosphate glass (Schott IOG-2) microsphere is pumped at 978 nm via the supporting stem and the heat generated by absorption of the pump light expands the cavity and changes the refractive index. This is a robust tuning method that decouples the pump from the probe and allows fine tuning of the microsphere's whispering gallery modes. Pump/probe experiments were performed to demonstrate thermo-optical tuning…
Judd-Ofelt analysis of holmium-doped alumino-silicate optical glass prepared by MCVD combined with nanoparticle doping
University of Chemistry and Technology（布拉格化工大学）；Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院光子学与电子研究所）；Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics（查理大学数学与物理学院）
Laser cooling of a solid is achieved when a coherent laser illuminates the material, and the heat is extracted by resulting anti-Stokes fluorescence. Over the past year, net solid-state laser cooling was successfully demonstrated for the first time in Yb-doped silica glass in both bulk samples and fibers. Here, we improve the previously published results by one order of magnitude and report more than 6K of cooling below the ambient temperature. This result is the lowest temperature achieved in solid-state laser cooling of silica glass to date to the best of our knowledge. We present details on…
Diamond containing the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant new system for magnetometry. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and are therefore limited to laboratory settings. By incorporating micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, a high-sensitivity and robust fiber platform for magnetic field sensing is demonstrated here. The fluorescence and spin properties of NV centers embedded in the diamond crystals are well preserved during the fiber dr…
We investigate supercontinuum generation in several suspended-core soft-glass photonic crystal fibers pumped by an optical parametric oscillator tunable around 1550 nm. The fibers were drawn from lead-bismuth-gallium-cadmium-oxide glass (PBG-81) with a wide transmission window from 0.5-2.7 micron and a high nonlinear refractive index up to 4.3.10^(-19) m^2/W. They have been specifically designed with a microscale suspended hexagonal core for efficient supercontinuum generation around 1550 nm. We experimentally demonstrate two supercontinuum spectra spanning from 1.07-2.31 micron and 0.89-2.46 …
First-principle study of bismuth-related oxygen-deficient centers ($=$Bi$\cdots$Ge$\equiv$, $=$Bi$\cdots$Si$\equiv$, and $=$Bi$\cdots$Bi$=$ oxygen vacancies) in Bi$_2$O$_3$-GeO$_2$, Bi$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$, Bi$_2$O$_3$-Al$_2$O$_3$-GeO$_2$, and Bi$_2$O$_3$-Al$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$ hosts is performed. A comparison of calculated spectral properties of the centers with the experimental data on luminescence emission and excitation spectra suggests that luminescence in the 1.2-1.3 $μ$m and 1.8-3.0 $μ$m ranges in Bi$_2$O$_3$-GeO$_2$ glasses and crystals is likely caused by $=$Bi$\cdots$Ge$\equiv$ and $=$Bi$\c…
