A. A. Slavnov
Review of the papers on the new method of the Yang-Mills field quantization applicable both in perturbation theory and beyond it is presented. It is shown that in the modified formulation of the Yang-Mills theory leading to the formal perturbation theory, which coincides with the standard one, there exist soliton solutions of the classical equations of motion.
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In this paper we apply a variant of Heisenberg's quantization method for strongly interacting, non-linear fields, to solutions of the classical Yang-Mills field equations which have bad asymptotic behavior. After quantization we find that the bad features (i.e. divergent fields and energy densities) of these solutions are moderated. From these results we argue that in general the n-point Green's functions for Yang-Mills theories can have non-perturbative pieces which can not be represented as the sum of Feynman diagrams. A formalism for dealing with these non-Feynman pieces via nonassociative …
We review the Batalin-Vilkovisky quantization procedure for Yang--Mills theory on a 2-point space.
The equations for Yang-Mills field in a medium are derived in a linear approximation with respect to the gauge coupling parameter and the external field. The obtained equations closely resemble the macroscopic Maxwell equations. A canonical quantization is performed for a family of Fermi-like gauges in the case of constant and diagonal (in the group indices) tensors of electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The physical subspace is defined and the gauge field propagator is evaluated for a particular choice of the gauge. The propagator is applied for evaluation of the cross-section of…
A new fomulation of the Yang-Mills theory which allows to avoid the problem of Gribov ambiguity of the gauge fixing is proposed.
In two dimensions a large class of gravitational systems including, e.g., $R^2$-gravity can be quantized exactly also when coupled dynamically to a Yang-Mills theory. Some previous considerations on the quantization of pure gravity theories are improved and generalized.
Canonical quantization of anomalous SU(N) Yang-Mills models is considered. It is shown that the gauge invariance of the quantum theory can be saved in spite of degeneracy of the Wess-Zumino action.
The perturbiner approach to the multi-gluonic amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory is reviewed.
It is pointed out that the Parke-Taylor or maximally helicity violating amplitudes in the pure Yang-Mills can, after some specifications, be interpreted as amplitudes of scattering of massive vector bosons in the Higgs-Yang-Mills system.
We review earlier proposals for $E_8$ family unification, and discuss why recent work of Kovner and Shifman on condensates in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories suggests the reconsideration of $E_8$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills as a family unification theory.
I discuss various situations in which perturbative expansions are used in Yang-Mills theories with asymptotic freedom and establish the limits of its applicability.
A local gauge invariant infrared regularization for the Yang-Mills theory is constructed on the basis of a higher derivative formulation of the model.
BRST quantization of the one-dimensional constrained matrix model which describes two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on the cylinder is performed. Classical and quantum BRST generators and BRST-invariant hamiltonians are constructed. Evolution operator is expressed in terms of BRST path integral. Advantages of the BRST quantization over the reduced phase space approach leading to the theory of $N$ free fermions are discussed.
(Withdrawn: This paper turns out incomplete and even misleading. I must apologize to all of the recipients.)
In this paper we address the issue of the non-perturbative quantization of Euclidean Yang-Mills theories in the Curci-Ferrari gauge. In particular, we construct a Refined Gribov-Zwanziger action for this gauge which takes into account the presence of gauge copies as well as the dynamical formation of dimension two condensates. This action enjoys a non-perturbative BRST symmetry recently proposed in \cite{Capri:2015ixa}. Finally, we give attention to the gluon propagator in different space-time dimensions.
We perform the stochastic quantization of Yang-Mills theory in configuration space and derive the Faddeev-Popov path integral density. Based on a generalization of the stochastic gauge fixing scheme and its geometrical interpretation this result is obtained as the exact equilibrium solution of the associated Fokker--Planck equation. Included in our discussion is the precise range of validity of our approach.
In the present paper the Yang-Mills theory in the first order formalism is studied. On classical level the first order formulation is equivalent to the standard second order description of the Yang-Mills theory. It is proven that both formulations remain equivalent on quantum level as well.
The quantization of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory reduced to 0+1 space-time dimensions is performed in the BRST framework. We show that in the unitary gauge $A_0 = 0$ the BRST procedure has difficulties which can be solved by introduction of additional singlet ghost variables. In the Lorenz gauge $\dot{A}_0 = 0$ one has additional unphysical degrees of freedom, but the BRST quantization is free of the problems in the unitary gauge.
We consider $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills on a circle (cylindrical space-time) and quantize the eigenvalues of the holonomy. In this way the Mandelstam identities associated with the holonomy are trivially solved. Furthermore we indicate that there are exactly two physically inequivalent representations of the algebra of gauge-invariant operators, resulting in different spectra.
Based on a generalization of the stochastic quantization scheme we recently proposed a generalized, globally defined Faddeev-Popov path integral density for the quantization of Yang-Mills theory. In this talk first our approach on the whole space of gauge potentials is shortly reviewed; in the following we discuss the corresponding global path integral on the gauge orbit space relating it to the original Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization scheme.
Four dimensional N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory action is written in terms of the spinor superfields in transverse gauge. This action is seemingly first order in space-time derivatives. Thus, it suggests that the generalized fields approach of obtaining Batalin-Vilkovisky quantization can be applicable. In fact, generalized fields which collect spinor superfields possessing different ghost numbers are introduced to obtain the minimal solution of its Batalin-Vilkovisky master equation in a compact form.
We present a new approach to the quantization of the superstring. After a brief review of the classical Green-Schwarz formulation for the superstring and Berkovits' approach to its quantization based on pure spinors, we discuss our formulation without pure spinor constraints. In order to illustrate the ideas on which our work is based, we apply them to pure Yang-Mills theory. In the appendices, we include some background material for the Green-Schwarz and Berkovits formulations, in order that this presentation be self contained.
Precanonical quantization of pure Yang-Mills fields, which is based on the covariant De Donder-Weyl (DW) Hamiltonian formalism, and its connection with the functional Schrodinger representation in the temporal gauge are discussed. The YM mass gap problem is related to a finite dimensional spectral problem for a generalized Clifford-valued magnetic Schrödinger operator in the space of gauge potentials which represents the DW Hamiltonian operator.
We develop a new operator quantization scheme for gauge theories where no gauge fixing for gauge fields is needed. The scheme allows one to avoid the Gribov problem and construct a manifestly Lorentz invariant path integral that can be used in the non-perturbative domain. We discuss briefly an application of the method to Abelian projections of QCD.
Local aspects of topological quantization and the Wu-Yang Monopoles
本文回顾了Wu-Yang拓扑量子化中局部势的产生，探讨了de Rham与Cech上同调类的同构，并强调了规范理论中局部与全局信息的重要性及应用。
We reduce the problem of quantization of the Yang-Mills field Hamiltonian to a problem for defining a probability measure on an infinite-dimensional space of gauge equivalence classes of connections on $\mathbb{R}^3$. We suggest a formally self-adjoint expression for the quantized Yang-Mills Hamiltonian as an operator on the corresponding Lebesgue $L^2$-space. In the case when the Yang-Mills field is associated to the Abelian group $U(1)$ we define the probability measure which depends on two real parameters $m>0$ and $c\neq 0$. This yields a non-standard quantization of the Hamiltonian of the…
Yang-Mills theories on a 1+1 dimensional cylinder are considered. It is shown that canonical quantization can proceed following different routes, leading to inequivalent quantizations. The problem of the non-free action of the gauge group on the configuration space is also discussed. In particular we re-examine the relationship between ``$θ$-states" and the fundamental group of the configuration space. It is shown that this relationship does or does not hold depending on whether or not the gauge transformations not connected to the identity act freely on the space of connections modulo connect…
A recent investigation of the SU(3) Yang-Mills field equations found several classical solutions which exhibited a type of confinement due to gauge fields which increased without bound as $r \to \infty$. This increase of the gauge fields gave these solutions an infinite field energy, raising questions about their physical significance. In this paper we apply some ideas of Heisenberg about the quantization of strongly interacting, non-linear fields to this classical solution and find that at large $r$ this quantization procedure softens the unphysical behaviour of the classical solution, while …
Based on a generalization of the stochastic quantization scheme recently a modified Faddeev-Popov path integral density for the quantization of Yang-Mills theory was derived, the modification consisting in the presence of specific finite contributions of the pure gauge degrees of freedom. Due to the Gribov problem the gauge fixing can be defined only locally and the whole space of gauge potentials has to be partitioned into patches. We propose a global path integral density for the Yang-Mills theory by summing over all patches, which can be proven to be manifestly independent of the specific l…
Quantization of Yang-Mills Theory in de Sitter Spacetime
本文分析了 de Sitter 时空中的 Yang-Mills 理论量子化，通过引入适用于微扰理论的有效传播子消除了 Faddeev--Popov 鬼场传播子的发散，并利用第一类约束在时性规范下证明了其量子化的自洽性及与 Lorentz 规范的等价性。
This is a personally colored account of the history behind N=4 Yang-Mills Theory.
We evaluate the thermodynamic quantities of Yang-Mills theory using the Gribov quantization, which deals with nonperturbative resummation. The magnetic scale is automatically incorporated into the framework and we find it efficient to stabilize the perturbative expansion of the free energy. In the temperature range $T=T_c \sim 2\,T_c$ the major uncertainty in our results comes from the nonperturbative running coupling that is adopted from the lattice simulation, while the convergence above $2\,T_c$ is impressively robust. We also present the corresponding interaction measure (i.e., trace anoma…
We give the superfield quantization of chiral/nonminimal (CNM) scalar multiplets defined by pairs of N=1 chiral and complex linear scalar superfields kinematically coupled. In the pure massive case we develop the covariant quantization when CNM multiplets are coupled to background gauge superfields. Furthermore, we study some properties of N=1 supersymmetric Yang--Mills theories constructed using CNM scalar matter superfields. In particular, we compute the one--loop contribution to the effective action for the matter superfields, we study the analogue of the Konishi anomaly and discuss some pr…
In this paper it is shown that a quantum observable algebra, the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra, is just given as the Hopf algebraic dual to the classical observable algebra over classical phase space and the Plank constant is included in this scheme of quantization as a compatible parameter living in the quantum double theory.In this sense,the quantum Yang-Baxter equation naturally appears as a necessary condition to be satisfied by a canonical elements,the universal R-matrix,intertweening the quantum and classical observable algebras. As a byproduct,a new ``quantum group'' is obtained as the quantu…
It is shown that a Moyal deformation quantization of the SO(4k) Generalized Yang-Mills (GYM) theory action in D=4k dimensions, for spacetime independent field configurations, in the $\hbar \to 0$ limit, yields the Dirac-Nambu-Goto p-brane actions (obtained from the conformally invariant Dolan-Tchrakian p-brane actions after elimination of the auxiliary world volume metrics), in the orthonormal gauge, for p+1=4k world volumes embedded in a D=4k target spacetime background. The gauge fields/target spacetime coordinates correspondence is required but no large N limit is necessary. The equivalence…
To construct renormalizable gauge model in Bosonic-Fermionic noncommutative (BFNC) superspace, we replace the ordinary products of super Yang-Mills model by BFNC star products. To study the renormalization property of the deformed action, we obtain the one-loop 1PI effective action by using background field method at the first order of BFNC parameters. We also verify the BFNC supergauge invariance of the effective action. Because there are new terms in effective action, the deformed action is not renormalizable. This imply that additional terms should be added to the deformed action.
Knotted configurations supported by a Yang Mills fluid-field system are suggested as a model for glueballs.
We develop the basic ideas and equations for the BRST quantization of Yang-Mills theories in an explicit Hamiltonian approach, without any reference to the Lagrangian approach at any stage of the development. We present a new representation of ghost fields that combines desirable self-adjointness properties with canonical anticommutation relations for ghost creation and annihilation operators, thus enabling us to characterize the physical states on a well-defined Fock space. The Hamiltonian is constructed by piecing together simple BRST invariant operators to obtain a minimal invariant extensi…
A generalization of the two-dimensional Yang-Mills and generalized Yang-Mills theory is introduced in which the building B-F theory is nonlocal in the auxiliary field. The classical and quantum properties of this nonlocal generalization are investigated and it is shown that for large gauge groups, there exist a simple correspondence between the properties a nonlocal theory and its corresponding local theory.
Using an infinite number of fields, we construct actions for D=4 self-dual Yang-Mills with manifest Lorentz invariance and for D=10 super-Yang-Mills with manifest super-Poincaré invariance. These actions are generalizations of the covariant action for the D=2 chiral boson which was first studied by McClain, Wu, Yu and Wotzasek.
The topological susceptibility is calculated within the Hamiltonian approach to Yang-Mills theory in Coulomb gauge, using the vacuum wave functional previously determined by a variational solution of the Yang-Mills Schroedinger equation. The numerical result agrees qualitatively with the predictions of lattice simulations.
In this paper we discuss the BRST-quantization of anomalous 2d-Yang Mills (YM) theory. Since we use an oscillator basis for the YM-Fock-space the anomaly appears already for a pure YM-system and the constraints form a Kac-Moody algebra with negative central charge. We also discuss the coupling of chiral fermions and find that the BRST-cohomology for systems with chiral fermions in a sufficiently large representation of the gauge group is completely equivalent to the cohomology of the finite dimensional gauge group. For pure YM theory or YM theory coupled to chiral fermions in small representat…
Matrix theory compactifications on tori have associated Yang-Mills theories on the dual tori with sixteen supercharges. A noncommutative description of these Yang-Mills theories based in deformation quantization theory is provided. We show that this framework allows a natural generalization of the `Moyal B-deformation' of the Yang-Mills theories to non-constant background B-fields on curved spaces. This generalization is described through Fedosov's geometry of deformation quantization.
A note on Gauss operators and quantizations of Yang-Mills theories
本文研究了 Yang-Mills 理论的局域量子化，指出规范固定会破坏局域 Gauss 定律，提出基于 Gauss 算子的分类比规范固定更具物理意义，并证明在非阿贝尔情形下无法同时实现 Lorentz 协变性与量子电动力学 Feynman 量子化的结构性质。
We will discuss an integrable structure for weakly coupled superconformal Yang-Mills theories, describe certain equivalences for the Yangian algebra, and fill a technical gap in our previous study of this subject.
The planar Yang-Mills theory in three spatial dimensions is examined in a particular representation which explicitly embodies factorization. The effective planar Yang-Mills theory Hamiltonian is constructed in this representation.
New clues for the best understanding of the nature of the symmetry-breaking mechanism are revealed in this paper. A revision of the standard gauge transformation properties of Yang-Mills fields, according to a group approach to quantization scheme, enables the gauge group coordinates to acquire dynamical content outside the null mass shell. The corresponding extra (internal) field degrees of freedom are transferred to the vector potentials to conform massive vector bosons.
Recent developments in the determination of the planar S-matrix of N=4 Super Yang-Mills are closely related to its Yangian symmetry. Here we provide evidence for a yet unobserved additional symmetry: the Yangian level-one helicity operator.
Pure Yang-Mills theories on the $S_1\times R$ cylinder are quantized in light-cone gauge $A_-=0$ by means of ${\bf equal-time}$ commutation relations. Positive and negative frequency components are excluded from the ``physical" Hilbert space by imposing Gauss' law in a weak sense. Zero modes, related to the winding on the cylinder, provide non trivial topological variables of the theory. A Wilson loop with light-like sides is studied: in the abelian case it can be exactly computed obtaining the expected area result, whereas difficulties are pointed out in non abelian cases.
Quantum Yang-Mills theory, Classical Statistical Field Theory (for Hamiltonians which are non-polynomial in the fields, e.g. General relativistic statistical mechanics) and Quantum Gravity all suffer from severe mathematical inconsistencies and produce unreliable predictions at best. We define with mathematical rigor, a class of statistical field theories in Minkowski space-time where the (classical) canonical coordinates when modified by a non-deterministic time evolution, verify the canonical commutation relations. We then extend these statistical field theories to include non-trivial gauge …
The BCFW recursion relation in $\mathcal{N}=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory is solved using Yang-Baxter $R$-operators in the NMHV sector. Explicit expressions for $\mathcal{R}$-invariants are obtained in terms of the chains of $R$-operators acting on an appropriate basic state.
The large-N behavior of Yang-Mills and generalized Yang-Mills theories in the double-scaling limit is investigated. By the double-scaling limit, it is meant that the area of the manifold on which the theory is defined, is itself a function of N. It is shown that phase transitions of different orders occur, depending on the functional dependence of the area on N. The finite-size scalings of the system are also investigated. Specifically, the dependence of the dominant representation on A, for large but finite N is determined.
We present new relations for scattering amplitudes of color ordered gluons and gravitons in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. Tree-level amplitudes of arbitrary multiplicities and polarizations involving up to three gravitons and up to two color traces are reduced to partial amplitudes of pure Yang-Mills theory. In fact, the double-trace identities apply to Einstein-Yang-Mills extended by a dilaton and a B-field. Our results generalize recent work of Stieberger and Taylor for the single graviton case with a single color trace. As the derivation is made in the dimension-agnostic Cachazo-He-Yuan forma…
It is shown that pure Yang-Mills theory in the modified formulation admits soliton solutions of classical field equations.
We analyze in an effective Lagrangian framework the connection between Super QCD (Super Yang Mills) and QCD (Yang Mills) by highlighting the crucial role that the zero modes play in the process of decoupling gluinos and squarks.
We show that the solutions of SU(2) Yang-Mills-dilation and Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton theories described in a sequence of papers by Kleihaus and Kunz are not regular in the gauge field part.
The existence of a "bonus" U(1) level-one Yangian symmetry of N=4 super-Yang-Mills has recently been proposed. We provide evidence for this proposal by constructing the BRST-invariant nonlocal charge in the pure spinor sigma model corresponding to this bonus level-one symmetry. We also construct analogous charges for bonus U(1) symmetries at all odd levels of the Yangian.
Topological Yang-Mills theory is derived in the framework of Lagrangian BRST cohomology.
We define a natural generalized symmetry of the Yang-Mills equations as an infinitesimal transformation of the Yang-Mills field, built in a local, gauge invariant, and Poincaré invariant fashion from the Yang-Mills field strength and its derivatives to any order, which maps solutions of the field equations to other solutions. On the jet bundle of Yang-Mills connections we introduce a spinorial coordinate system that is adapted to the solution subspace defined by the Yang-Mills equations. In terms of this coordinate system the complete classification of natural symmetries is carried out in a st…
For semisimple groups, possibly multiplied by U(1)'s, the number of Yang-Mills gauge fields is equal to the number of generators of the group. In this paper, it is shown that, for non-semisimple groups, the number of Yang-Mills fields can be larger. These additional Yang-Mills fields are not irrelevant because they appear in the gauge transformations of the original Yang-Mills fields. Such non-semisimple Yang-Mills theories may lead to physical consequences worth studying. The non-semisimple group with only two generators that do not commute is studied in detail.
A gauge invariant infrared regularization of the Yang-Mills theory applicable beyond perturbation theory is constructed.
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