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arXiv 1503.02104astro-ph.GA
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椭圆星系中的超新星扫掠和黑洞反馈

Supernova Sweeping and Black-Hole Feedback in Elliptical Galaxies

G. M. Voit, M. Donahue, B. W. O'Shea, G. L. Bryan, M. Sun, N. Werner

摘要:

宇宙中大多数巨大的椭圆星系在数十亿年前就停止了恒星的形成,尽管仍有大量的热气体可供恒星形成。在这里,我们提出了令人信服的证据表明,淬火的恒星形成取决于两个黑洞反馈和Ia型超新星加热。我们分析了钱德拉X射线观测的10个大规模的椭圆,5个扩展,潜在的恒星形成的多相气体和5个单相椭圆没有恒星形成。在1- 10 kpc的多相星系中,冷却时间与自由落体时间之比为tc/tff ~10,表明降水驱动的反馈限制了冷却,但并没有消除凝聚。在单相星系的同一区域,气体熵的径向分布与热稳定(tc/tff > 20)的超新星驱动的外流一致,该外流将恒星喷出物扫出星系。然而,在其中一个单相椭圆星系(NGC 4261)中,我们发现tc/tff在< 300 pc时< 10。值得注意的是,它的喷流比其他九个椭圆星系的喷流强约50倍,这与模型一致,该模型表明黑洞附近的降水应该将其燃料模式从邦迪式吸积切换到冷混沌吸积。我们的结论是,假设特别强烈的黑洞爆发可以通过提高热气体的熵并将系统翻转到超新星席卷状态来关闭大质量椭圆星系中的恒星形成。

英文摘要:

Most of the massive elliptical galaxies in the universe stopped forming stars billions of years ago, even though plenty of hot gas remains available for star formation. Here we present compelling evidence indicating that quenching of star formation depends on both black-hole feedback and Type Ia supernova heating. We analyze Chandra X-ray observations of ten massive ellipticals, five with extended, potentially star-forming multiphase gas and five single-phase ellipticals with no star formation. The ratio of cooling time to freefall time at 1--10 kpc in the multiphase galaxies is tc/tff ~10, indicating that precipitation-driven feedback limits cooling but does not eliminate condensation. In the same region of the single-phase galaxies, the radial profiles of gas entropy are consistent with a thermally stable (tc/tff > 20) supernova-driven outflow that sweeps stellar ejecta out of the galaxy. However, in one of those single-phase ellipticals (NGC 4261) we find tc/tff < 10 at < 300 pc. Notably, its jets are ~50 times more powerful than in the other nine ellipticals, in agreement with models indicating that precipitation near the black hole should switch its fueling mode from Bondi-like accretion to cold chaotic accretion. We conclude by hypothesizing that particularly strong black-hole outbursts can shut off star formation in massive elliptical galaxies by boosting the entropy of the hot gas and flipping the system into the supernova-sweeping state.

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