雨滴撞击沙地：撞击坑形态的动力学解释
Raindrop impact on sand: a dynamic explanation of crater morphologies
摘要：
当液滴撞击在颗粒状基底上时，侵入物和目标都变形，在此期间液体可以渗透到基底中。这三个方面共同区别于文献中的其他撞击现象。我们进行高速，双激光轮廓测量和解开的动力学分为三个方面：在冲击过程中的基板的变形，液滴的最大传播直径，和液体渗透到基板。通过系统地改变基板的冲击速度和填充分数，（i）基板变形表示一个临界填充分数$ϕ^*\approx 0.585$ ;（ii）最大液滴扩散直径被发现与韦伯数的比例由基板变形校正;和（iii）关于液体渗透的模型被建立，并用于解释所观察到的火山口形态转变。
英文摘要：
As a droplet impacts on a granular substrate, both the intruder and the target deform, during which the liquid may penetrate into the substrate. {These three aspects together distinguish} it from other impact phenomena in the literature. We perform high-speed, double-laser profilometry measurements and disentangle the dynamics into three aspects: the deformation of the substrate during the impact, the maximum spreading diameter of the droplet, and the penetration of the liquid into the substrate. By systematically varying the impact speed and the packing fraction of the substrate, (i) the substrate deformation indicates a critical packing fraction $ϕ^*\approx 0.585$; (ii) the maximum droplet spreading diameter is found to scale with a Weber number corrected by the substrate deformation; and (iii) a model about the liquid penetration is established and is used to explain the observed crater morphology transition.
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