LHC超导磁体的束流感应失超水平测试
Testing Beam-Induced Quench Levels of LHC Superconducting Magnets
摘要：
在2009年至2013年，大型强子对撞机（LHC）的顶束能量为3.5 TeV和4 TeV（从2012年开始），而不是标称的7 TeV。超导磁体中的电流相应地减小。到目前为止，只有17个光束引起的淬火已经发生，其中八个在专门设计的淬火试验，在注射的其他人。在正常的对撞机运行过程中，没有发生过一次束流失超.然而，在LHC长期关闭后，这些条件预计将变得更具挑战性。磁体将在接近标称电流的情况下工作，并且在存在高能量和高强度射束的情况下工作，每个射束的储存能量高达362 MJ。在本文中，我们总结了我们的努力，了解失超水平的LHC超导磁体。我们描述了波束丢失事件和专用的波束实验，以及用于再现可观察信号的模拟方法。将线圈中的模拟能量沉积与电热模型预测的失超水平进行比较，从而允许验证和改进用于在运行2的射束损失监视器上设置射束收集阈值的模型。
英文摘要：
In the years 2009-2013 the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been operated with the top beam energies of 3.5 TeV and 4 TeV per proton (from 2012) instead of the nominal 7 TeV. The currents in the superconducting magnets were reduced accordingly. To date only seventeen beam-induced quenches have occurred; eight of them during specially designed quench tests, the others during injection. There has not been a single beam- induced quench during normal collider operation with stored beam. The conditions, however, are expected to become much more challenging after the long LHC shutdown. The magnets will be operating at near nominal currents, and in the presence of high energy and high intensity beams with a stored energy of up to 362 MJ per beam. In this paper we summarize our efforts to understand the quench levels of LHC superconducting magnets. We describe beam-loss events and dedicated experiments with beam, as well as the simulation methods used to reproduce the observable signals. The simulated energy deposition in the coils is compared to the quench levels predicted by electro-thermal models, thus allowing to validate and improve the models which are used to set beam-dump thresholds on beam-loss monitors for Run 2.
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