We have investigated the strong gravitational lensing for the photons coupled to Weyl tensor in a Schwarzschild black hole spacetime. We find that in the four-dimensional black hole spacetime the equation of motion of the photons depends not only on the coupling between photon and Weyl tensor, but also on the polarization direction of the photons. It is quite different from that in the case of the usual photon without coupling to Weyl tensor in which the equation of motion is independent of the polarization of the photon. Moreover, we find that the coupling and the polarization direction modify the properties of the photon sphere, the deflection angle, the coefficients in strong field lensing, and the observational gravitational lensing variables. Combining with the supermassive central object in our Galaxy, we estimated three observables in the strong gravitational lensing for the photons coupled to Weyl tensor.
Schwarzschild black holes can produce strong gravitational lensing. The relativistic images are produced due to bending of light around the black hole. We propose a model equation to study the strong gravitational lensing. The model equation can well describe the bending angle from a range very close to the photon sphere to the first relativistic image.
We investigate the classical stability of Schwarzschild-AdS black hole in a massive theory of the Einstein-Weyl gravity. It turns out that the linearized Einstein tensor perturbations exhibit unstable modes featuring the Gregory-Laflamme instability of five-dimensional AdS black string, in contrast to the stable Schwarzschild-AdS black hole in the Einstein-Weyl gravity. We confirm that the instability of the black hole in the Einstein-Weyl gravity arises from the massiveness but not a feature of fourth-order derivative theory giving ghost states.
In this work the gravitational lensing in the strong field limit around the Schwarzschild black hole pierced by a cosmic string is studied. We find that the deflection angle and the time delay of the relativistic images depend on the tension of cosmic string. It is interesting that the deflection angle is greater when the tension of cosmic string is stronger. The time delay between two images is more obvious in the case of weaker tension.
We have studied the shadows of a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a Bach-Weyl ring through the backward ray-tracing method. The presence of Bach-Weyl ring leads to that the photon dynamical system is non-integrable and then chaos would appear in the photon motion, which affects sharply the black hole shadow. The size and shape the black hole shadow depend on the black hole parameter, the Bach-Weyl ring mass and the Weyl radius between black hole and ring. Some self-similar fractal structures also appear in the black hole shadow, which originates from the chaotic lensing. We also study th…
Topologically Charged Holonomy corrected Schwarzschild black hole lensing
Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão（马拉尼昂联邦教育、科学和技术学院）；Faculdade de Física, Universidade Federal do Pará（帕拉联邦大学物理学院）；Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo（圣埃斯皮里图联邦大学物理与化学系）
An exact solution is obtained for the gravitational bending of light in static, spherically symmetric metrics which includes the Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime and also the Mannheim-Kazanas metric of conformal Weyl gravity. From the exact solution, we obtain a small bending-angle-approximation for a lens system where the source, lens and observer are co-aligned. This expansion improves previous calculations where we systematically avoid parameter ranges that correspond to non-existent null trajectories. The linear coefficient $γ$ characteristic to conformal gravity is shown to contribute en…
We analyse strong gravitational field time delay for photons coupled to the Weyl tensor in a Schwarzschild black hole. By making use of the method of strong deflection limit, we find that these time delays between relativistic images are significantly affected by polarization directions of such a coupling. A practical problem about determination of the polarization direction by observations is investigated. It is found that if the first and second relativistic images can be resolved, the measurement of time delay can more effectively improve detectability of the polarization direction.
Light cones of Schwarzschild geometry are studied in connection to the Null Surface Formulation and gravitational lensing. The paper studies the light cone cut function's singularity structure, gives exact gravitational lensing equations, and shows that the "pseudo-Minkowski" coordinates are well defined within the model considered.
We have studied polarized image of a Schwarzschild black hole with an equatorial thin accretion disk as photon couples to Weyl tensor. The birefringence of photon originating from the coupling affect the black hole shadow, the thin disk pattern and its luminosity distribution. We also analyze the observed polarized intensity in the sky plane. The observed polarized intensity in the bright region is stronger than that in the darker region. The stronger effect of the coupling on the observed polarized vector appears only in the bright region close to black hole. These features in the polarized i…
Both massless light ray and objects with nonzero mass experience trajectory bending in a gravitational field. In this work the bending of trajectories of massive objects in a Schwarzschild spacetime and the corresponding gravitational lensing (GL) effects are studied. A particle sphere for Schwarzschild black hole (BH) is found with its radius a simple function of the particle velocity and proportional to the BH mass. A single master formula for both the massless and massive particle bending angle is found, in the form of an elliptic function depending only on the velocity and impact parameter…
We calculate the photon sphere $r_{ph}$ and critical curve $b_c$ for the quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole, finding that they violate an universal inequalities proved for asymptotically flat black holes which satisfy null energy condition in the framework of Einstein gravity. This violation seem to be a common phenomenon when considering quantum modification of Einstein gravity. Furthermore, we study the shadows, lensing rings and photon rings in the quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole. The violation leads to a larger bright lensing ring in the observational appearance of thin …
In this manuscript, we consider the hairy Schwarzschild black hole that evades the no-hair theorem. The hair is induced by an additional source from surroundings, such as dark matter, that has a constant energy-momentum tensor(EMT). We study the strong gravitational lensing of light in the background of the hairy Schwarzschild black hole. We observe that the lensing coefficient $\overline{a}$ increases with $α$ but decreases with $\ell_0$. The opposite effect is observed for the lensing coefficient $\overline{b}$ and the impact parameter $b_m$. We also notice that the angular position $θ_\inft…
To better understand the allowed range of black hole geometries, we study Weyl-distorted Schwarzschild solutions. They always contain trapped surfaces, a singularity and an isolated horizon and so should be understood to be (geometric) black holes. However we show that for large distortions the isolated horizon is neither a future outer trapping horizon (FOTH) nor even a marginally trapped surface: slices of the horizon cannot be infinitesimally deformed into (outer) trapped surfaces. We consider the implications of this result for popular quasilocal definitions of black holes.
Conformal Weyl Gravity (CWG) predicts galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter. This makes CWG an interesting candidate theory as an alternative to GR. This removal of the necessity of dark matter arises because the exact exterior solution in CWG for a static, spherically symmetric source provides a linear potential $γr$, which can explain the observed galactic rotation curves with a value for $γ$ given by $\sim + 10^{-26} \mathrm{m}^{-1}$. Previous work has also shown that CWG can explain lensing observations, but with $γ\sim - 10^{-26} \mathrm{m}^{-1}$ in order to ensure converg…
In this paper, we study the influence of the axion-plasmon, as proposed in (Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 181803 (2018)) on the optical properties of the Schwarzschild black hole. Our aim is to provide a test to detect the effects of a fixed axion background using black holes. To accomplish our goal, we explore the effect of the axion-plasmon coupling on the motion of photons around the Schwarzschild black hole and check the possibility of observing those effects upon the black hole shadow, the gravitational deflection angle, Einstein rings and shadow images obtained by radially infalling gas on a bla…
Gravitational lensing by traversable Lorentzian wormholes is a ew possibility which is analyzed here in the strong field limit. Wormhole solutions are considered in the Einstein minimally coupled theory and in the brane world model. The observables in both the theories show significant differences from those arising in the Schwarzschild black hole lensing. As a corollary, it follows that wormholes with zero Keplerian mass exhibit lensing properties which are qualitatively (though not quantitatively) the same as those of a Schwarzschild black hole. Some special features of the considered soluti…
In this paper, we use the Gauss Bonnet theorem to obtain the deflection angle by the photons coupled to Weyl tensor in a Schwarzschild black hole and Schwarzschild-like black hole in bumblebee gravity in the weak limit approximation. To do so, we first calculate the corresponding optical metrics, and then we find the Gaussian curvature to use in Gauss-Bonnet theorem, which is first done by Gibbons and Werner. Hence, in the leading order terms we show the deflection angle, that is affected by the coupling between the photon and Weyl tensor, and there is a deviation from the deflecting angle as …
In this work, we observe that in the presence of the string cloud parameter $a$ and the quintessence parameter $γ$, with the equation of state parameter $ω_q={-2}/{3}$ the radius of the shadow of the Schwarzschild black hole increases as compared with the pure Schwarzschild black hole case. The existence of both quintessential dark energy and cloud of strings magnify the shadow size and hence the strength of the gravitational field around the Schwarzschild black hole increases. Using the data collected by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration for the M87* and Sgr A*, we obtain upper …
We present firstly equation of motion for the photon coupled to Weyl tensor in a Kerr black hole spacetime and then study further the corresponding strong gravitational lensing. We find that black hole rotation makes propagation of the coupled photons more complicated, which brings some new features for physical quantities including the marginally circular photon orbit, the deflection angle, the observational gravitational lensing variables and the time delay between two relativistic images. There is a critical value of the coupling parameter for existence of the marginally circular photon orb…
We calculate the deflection angle of light from a distant source by a galaxy cluster in Weyl's conformal gravity. The general method of calculation is first applied to calculate the deflection angle in Schwarzschild-de Sitter (Kottler) spacetime. The deflection angle calculated in Kottler spacetime includes the contribution of the cosmological constant, which quantitatively agrees with one work and disagrees with many works in the literature. We then calculate the deflection angle in Mannheim-Kazanas spacetime in two conformally related coordinate systems and find that the result includes cont…
We provide a simple derivation of the Schwarzschild solution in General Relativity, generalizing an early approach by Weyl, to include Birkhoff's theorem: constancy of the mass; its deeper, Hamiltonian, basis is also given. Our procedure is illustrated by a parallel derivation of the Coulomb field and constancy of electric charge, in electrodynamics.
The ambition of the present work is to highlight the phenomena of strong gravitational lensing and deflection angle for the photons coupling with Weyl tensor in a Kiselev black hole. Here, we have extended the prior work of Chen and Jing \cite{1} for Schwarzschild black hole to Kiselev black hole. For this purpose, the equation of motion for the photons coupled to Weyl tensor, null geodesic and equation of photon sphere in a Kiselev black hole spacetime have been formulated. It is found that the equation of motion of the photons depends not only on the coupling between photon and Weyl tensor, …
We construct charged asymptotically flat black hole solutions in Einstein-Maxwell-Weyl(EMW) gravity. These solutions can be interpreted as generalizations of two different groups: Schwarzschild black hole (SBH) and non-Schwarzschild black hole (NSBH) solutions. In addition, we discuss the thermodynamic properties of two groups of numerical solutions in detail, and show that they obey the first law of thermodynamics.
The properties of the relativistic rings which show up in images of a source when a black hole lies between the source and observer are examined. The impact parameters are calculated, along with the distances of closest approach of the rays which form a relativistic ring, their angular sizes, and their "magnification" factors, which are much less than unity.
We propose a definition of an exact lens equation without reference to a background spacetime, and construct the exact lens equation explicitly in the case of Schwarzschild spacetime. For the Schwarzschild case, we give exact expressions for the angular-diameter distance to the sources as well as for the magnification factor and time of arrival of the images. We compare the exact lens equation with the standard lens equation, derived under the thin-lens-weak-field assumption (where the light rays are geodesics of the background with sharp bending in the lens plane, and the gravitational field …
The motion of spinning test particles along circular orbits in static vacuum spacetimes belonging to the Weyl class is discussed. Spin alignment and coupling with background parameters in the case of superimposed Weyl fields, corresponding to a single Schwarzschild black hole and single Chazy-Curzon particle as well as to two Schwarzschild black holes and two Chazy-Curzon particles, are studied in detail for standard choices of supplementary conditions. Applications to the gravitomagnetic "clock effect" are also discussed.
Plasma impact on black hole shadow and gravitational weak lensing for Schwarzschild-like black hole
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences（塔什干应用科学大学）；New Uzbekistan University（新乌兹别克斯坦大学）；National University of Uzbekistan（乌兹别克斯坦国立大学）
We present a complete analysis of the light rays within the linearized, weak-field approximation of a Schwarzschild-like metric describing the gravitational field of an isolated, spherically symmetric body. We prove in this context the existence of two time transfer functions and we obtain these functions in an exact closed-form. We are led to distinguish two regimes. In the first regime, the two time transfer functions correspond to rays which are confined in regions of spacetime where the weak-field approximation is valid. Such a regime occurs in gravitational lensing configurations with dou…
The Weyl tensor is the trace-free part of the Riemann tensor. Therefore, it is independent of the energy-momentum tensor and is thus not linked to the dynamics of gravitational fields. In this paper, we explore its possible thermodynamical property (i.e. its relationship with the black hole entropy). For a Schwarzschild black hole, the Weyl scalar invariant, $C_{μνλρ}C^{μνλρ}$, is proportional to its Bekenstein--Hawking entropy. This observation inspires us to interpret $C_{μνλρ}C^{μνλρ}$ as the entropy density of the gravitational fields of black holes. A dimensional analysis indicates that t…
In this paper we apply the strong deflection limit approach to investigate the gravitational lensing phenomena beyond general relativity. This is accomplished by considering the lensing effects related to black hole solutions that emerge out of the domain of Einstein gravity, namely, the ones acquired from the method of geometric deformation and the Casadio-Fabbri-Mazzacurati brane-world black holes. The lensing observables, for those brane-world black hole metrics, are compared with the standard ones for the Schwarzschild case. We prove that brane-world black holes could have significantly di…
We continue to study the response of black-hole space-times on the presence of additional strong sources of gravity. Restricting ourselves to static and axially symmetric (electro-)vacuum exact solutions of Einstein's equations, we first considered the Majumdar--Papapetrou solution for a binary of extreme black holes in a previous paper, while here we deal with a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a concentric thin ring described by the Bach--Weyl solution. The geometry is again revealed on the simplest invariants determined by the metric (lapse function) and its gradient (gravitational ac…
A characterisation of initial data sets for the Schwarzschild spacetime is provided. This characterisation is obtained by performing a 3+1 decomposition of a certain invariant characterisation of the Schwarzschild spacetime given in terms of concomitants of the Weyl tensor. This procedure renders a set of necessary conditions --which can be written in terms of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor and their concomitants-- for an initial data set to be a Schwarzschild initial data set. Our approach also provides a formula for a static Killing initial data set candidate --a KID cand…
We investigate the gravitational lensing scenario due to Schwarzschild-like black hole surrounded by quintessence (Kiselev black hole). We work for the special case of Kiselev black hole where we take the state parameter $w_{q}=-\frac{2}{3}$. For the detailed derivation and analysis of the bending angle involved in the deflection of light, we discuss three special cases of Kiselev black hole: non-extreme, extreme and naked singularity. We also calculate the approximate bending angle and compare it with exact bending angle. We found the relation of bending angles in the decreasing order as: nak…
We consider light propagation as a probe of non-metricity in area metric spacetimes, and find a deviation from the standard Etherington relation for linearized area metric Schwarzschild. This is joint work with Frederic P. Schuller (Erlangen University).
Using the fact that the null geodesics in NUT space lie on spatial cones, we consider the gravomagnetic lens effect on light rays passing a NUT deflector. We show that this effect changes the observed shape, size and orientation of a source. Compared to the Schwarzschild lens, there is an extra shear (a differential twist around the lens axis) due to the gravomagnetic field which shears the shape of the source. Gravomagnetic monopoles can thus be recognized by the spirality that they produce in the lensing pattern. All the results obtained in this case (magnification factor, orientation of ima…
Adopting the strong field limit approach, we investigated the strong gravitational lensing in a Brane-World black hole, which means that the strong field limit coefficients and the deflection angle in this gravitational field are obtained. With this result, it can be said with certainly that the strong gravitational lensing is related to the metric of gravitational fields closely, the cosmology parameter α and the dark matter parameter \b{eta} come from the Brane-World black hole exerts a great influence on it. Comparing with the Schwarzschild-AdS spacetime and the Schwarzschild-XCMD spacetime…
When the mass of one of the two bodies tends to zero, Weyl's definition of the gravitational force in an axially symmetric, static two-body solution can be given an invariant formulation in terms of a force four-vector. The norm of this force is calculated for Bach's two-body solution, that is known to be in one-to-one correspondence with Schwarzschild's original solution when one of the two masses l, l' is made to vanish. In the limit when, say, l' goes to zero, the norm of the force divided by l' and calculated at the position of the vanishing mass is found to coincide with the norm of the a…
We investigate the perihelion shift of planetary motion in conformal Weyl gravity using the metric of the static, spherically symmetric solution discovered by Mannheim \& Kazanas (1989). To this end we employ a procedure similar to that used by Weinberg for the Schwarzschild solution, which has also been used recently to study the solar system effects of the cosmological constant $Λ$. We show that besides the general relativistic terms obtained earlier from the Schwarzschild - de Sitter solution, the expression for the perihelion shift includes a negative contribution which arises from the lin…
We model the supermassive dark object $M87^*$ as a Schwarzschild lens and study the variations in tangential, radial, and total (the product of tangential and radial) magnifications of images (primary, secondary, and relativistic) against the changes in angular source position and the ratio of lens-source to the observer-source distance. Further, we study the behavior of partial derivatives (with respect to the angular source position) of total magnifications of images against the angular source position. Finally, we model supermassive dark objects at centers of 40 galaxies as Schwarzschild le…
We study classical solutions in the Weyl-transverse (WTDiff) gravity. The WTDiff gravity is invariant under both the local Weyl (conformal) transformation and the volume preserving diffeormorphisms (transverse diffeomorphisms) and is known to be equivalent to general relativity at least at the classical level. In particular, we find that in a general space-time dimension, the Schwarzschild metric is a classical solution in the WTDiff gravity when it is expressed in the Cartesian coordinate system.
