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arXiv 1501.03212astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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第一个星系中的恒星形成- III。第一个星团的形成、演化和特征

Star formation in the first galaxies - III. Formation, evolution, and characteristics of the first stellar cluster

Chalence Safranek-Shrader, Michael Montgomery, Milos Milosavljevic, Volker Bromm

摘要:

我们模拟了一个红移z~14的矮星系中低金属丰度(0.01 Zsun)星团的形成。从宇宙学初始条件开始,模拟利用自适应网格细化和下沉粒子来跟踪气体的崩溃和演化,从而解决单个原恒星核心的形成问题。一个时间和位置相关的原恒星辐射场,加热气体的尘埃吸收,计算的原恒星演化轨迹与MESA代码集成。该模拟还包括一个强大的非平衡化学网络,自洽地对待气体热力学和粉尘-气体耦合。该系统在第一个原恒星源形成后演化了18 kyr。在这段时间内,形成了30个代表原恒星核心的下沉粒子,总质量为81 Msun。它们的质量范围从~0.1 Msun到14.4 Msun,中值质量~0.5-1 Msun。大质量的原恒星通过竞争性吸积而成长,而小质量的原恒星则因近距离碰撞和多体抛射而生长受阻。在这里探讨的制度,特征质量尺度是由温度地板设置的宇宙微波背景和有效的尘埃气体耦合的发病。詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜或其他下一代红外天文台似乎不太可能探测到富含金属的恒星形成的第一次爆发的宿主星系。相反,通往宇宙恒星形成曙光的最有希望的途径可能在于对银河系附近贫金属的古老恒星星族的仔细研究。与这里模拟的系统相对应的可观测目标是超微弱的矮卫星星系,如牧夫座II,Segue I和II以及Willman I。

英文摘要:

We simulate the formation of a low metallicity (0.01 Zsun) stellar cluster in a dwarf galaxy at redshift z~14. Beginning with cosmological initial conditions, the simulation utilizes adaptive mesh refinement and sink particles to follow the collapse and evolution of gas past the opacity limit for fragmentation, thus resolving the formation of individual protostellar cores. A time- and location-dependent protostellar radiation field, which heats the gas by absorption on dust, is computed by integration of protostellar evolutionary tracks with the MESA code. The simulation also includes a robust non-equilibrium chemical network that self-consistently treats gas thermodynamics and dust-gas coupling. The system is evolved for 18 kyr after the first protostellar source has formed. In this time span, 30 sink particles representing protostellar cores form with a total mass of 81 Msun. Their masses range from ~0.1 Msun to 14.4 Msun with a median mass ~0.5-1 Msun. Massive protostars grow by competitive accretion while lower-mass protostars are stunted in growth by close encounters and many-body ejections. In the regime explored here, the characteristic mass scale is determined by the temperature floor set by the cosmic microwave background and by the onset of efficient dust-gas coupling. It seems unlikely that host galaxies of the first bursts of metal-enriched star formation will be detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope or other next-generation infrared observatories. Instead, the most promising access route to the dawn of cosmic star formation may lie in the scrutiny of metal-poor, ancient stellar populations in the Galactic neighborhood. The observable targets that correspond to the system simulated here are ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxies such as Bootes II, Segue I and II, and Willman I.

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