Clustering properties of moderate luminosity X-ray selected Type 1 and Type 2 AGN at z~3
V. Allevato, A. Finoguenov, F. Civano, N. Cappelluti, F. Shankar, T. Miyaji, G. Hasinger, R. Gilli, G. Zamorani, G. Lanzuisi, M. Salvato, M. Elvis, A. Comastri, J. Silverman
We investigate, for the first time at z~3, the clustering properties of 189 Type 1 and 157 Type 2 X-ray active galactic nuclei (AGN) of moderate luminosity (log<Lbol> = 45.3 erg/s), with photometric or spectroscopic redshifts in the range 2.2<z<6.8. These samples are based on Chandra and XMM-Newton data in COSMOS. We find that Type 1 and Type 2 COSMOS AGN at z=3 inhabit DMHs with typical mass of logMh = 12.84+0.10/-0.11 and 11.73+0.39/-0.45 Msun/h, respectively. This result requires a drop in the halo masses of Type 1 and 2 COSMOS AGN at z~3 compared to z<2 XMM COSMOS AGN with similar luminosities. Additionally, we infer that unobscured COSMOS AGN at z~3 reside in 10 times more massive halos compared to obscured COSMOS AGN, at 2.6sigma level. This result extends to z~3 that found in COSMOS at z<2, and rules out the picture in which obscuration is purely an orientation effect. A model which assumes that the AGN activity is triggered by major mergers is quite successful in predicting both the low halo mass of COSMOS AGN and the typical mass of luminous SDSS quasars at z~3, with the latter inhabiting more massive halos respect to moderate luminosity AGN. Alternatively we can argue, at least for Type 1 COSMOS AGN, that they are possibly representative of an early phase of fast (i.e. Eddington limited) BH growth induced by cosmic cold flows or disk instabilities. Given the moderate luminosity, these new fast growing BHs have masses of e7-8 Msun at z~3 which might evolve into e8.5-9 Msun mass BHs at z=0. Following our clustering measurements, we argue that this fast BH growth at z~3 in AGN with moderate luminosity occurs in DMHs with typical mass of 6 times e12 Msun/h.
We measure the clustering of X-ray, radio, and mid-IR-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) at 0.2 < z < 1.2 using multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopic redshifts from the PRIMUS and DEEP2 redshift surveys, covering 7 separate fields spanning ~10 square degrees. Using the cross-correlation of AGN with dense galaxy samples, we measure the clustering scale length and slope, as well as the bias, of AGN selected at different wavelengths. Similar to previous studies, we find that X-ray and radio AGN are more clustered than mid-IR-selected AGN. We further compare the clustering of each AGN samp…
We study the clustering dependence of X-ray AGN and normal galaxies on the stellar mass (M$_\star$), star-formation rate (SFR) and specific star-formation rate (sSFR) of the (host) galaxy. Towards this end, we use 407 X-ray AGN from the XMM-XXL survey ($\sim$ 25 deg$^2$ in the North) and $\sim45,000$ galaxies in the VIPERS field (W1: $\sim$16 deg$^2$). We match the AGN and galaxy samples to have the same M$_\star$, SFR and redshift distributions. Based on our results, the two populations live in DMHs with similar mass ($\log M / (M_{\odot} \, h^{-1})\approx 12.8$) and have similar dependence o…
Halo Occupation Distributions of Moderate X-ray AGNs through Major and Minor Mergers in a $Λ$-CDM Cosmology
受Allevato et al.（2012）在COSMOS领域中最近推断的X射线选定活动星系核晕占据分布（HOD）形式的启发，我们使用一个基于$Λ$ -CDM宇宙学中暗物质晕（DMH）之间合并活动的简单模型，研究了中等亮度X射线活动星系核（mXAGN）的HOD性质。在上述情况下，在$z=0.5$模拟的mXAGN的HOD和数密度与Allevato等人（2012）的结果进行比较。我们发现，模拟的HOD的主要和次要合并，和观察到的mXAGN是一致的。我们的主要结果是，未成年人合并，相反，人们可能会期望，可以发挥重要作用的活动mAGN。
We study the clustering properties of 1,307,530 AGNs/quasars in the CatWISE2020 catalog prepared using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) survey data. For angular moments $\ell \gtrapprox 10$ ($\lessapprox 18^\circ$) down to non-linear scales, the results are in agreement with the standard $Λ$CDM cosmology, with a galaxy bias roughly matching that of the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) AGNs. We further explore the redshift dependence of the fraction of infrared bright AGNs on stellar mass, $f_{\rm IB} \sim M_*^{α_0 + α_…
The XMM-Newton Wide field survey in the COSMOS field: redshift evolution of AGN bias and subdominant role of mergers in triggering moderate luminosity AGN at redshift up to 2.2
The angular correlation function is a powerful tool for deriving the clustering properties of AGN and hence the mass of the corresponding dark matter halos in which they reside. However, studies based on the application of the angular correlation function on X-ray samples, yield results apparently inconsistent with those based on the direct estimation of the spatial correlation function. The goal of the present paper is to attempt to investigate this issue by analysing a well defined sample. To this end we use the hard-band (2-10 keV) X-ray selected sources of the Chandra AEGIS fields, chosen …
We present near-IR spectroscopy in J- and H-band for a large sample of 243 X-ray selected moderate-luminosity type-1 AGN in the COSMOS, SXDS and E-CDF-S survey fields using the multi-object spectrograph Subaru/FMOS. Our sample covers the redshift range 0.5<z<3.0 and an X-ray luminosity range of $10^{43}\lesssim L_X \lesssim 10^{45}$~erg s$^{-1}$. We provide emission-line properties and derived virial black hole mass estimates, bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios, based on H$α$ (211), H$β$ (63) and MgII (4). We compare line widths, luminosities and black hole mass estimates from H$α$ a…
The northern tile of the wide-area and shallow XMM-XXL X-ray survey field is used to estimate the average dark matter halo mass of relatively luminous X-ray selected AGN [$\rm log\, L_X (\rm 2-10\,keV)= 43.6^{+0.4}_{-0.4}\,erg/s$] in the redshift interval $z=0.5-1.2$. Spectroscopic follow-up observations of X-ray sources in the XMM-XXL field by the Sloan telescope are combined with the VIPERS spectroscopic galaxy survey to determine the cross-correlation signal between X-ray selected AGN (total of 318) and galaxies (about 20,\,000). We model the large scales (2-25\,Mpc) of the correlation func…
It is widely reported, based on clustering measurements of observed active galactic nuclei (AGN) samples, that AGN reside in similar mass host dark matter halos across the bulk of cosmic time, with log $M/M_\odot$~12.5-13.0 to z~2.5. We show that this is due in part to the AGN fraction in galaxies rising with increasing stellar mass, combined with AGN observational selection effects that exacerbate this trend. Here, we use AGN specific accretion rate distribution functions determined as a function of stellar mass and redshift for star-forming and quiescent galaxies separately, combined with th…
We present evidence that AGN do not reside in ``special'' environments, but instead show large-scale clustering determined by the properties of their host galaxies. Our study is based on an angular cross-correlation analysis applied to X-ray selected AGN in the COSMOS and UDS fields, spanning redshifts from $z\sim4.5$ to $z\sim0.5$. Consistent with previous studies, we find that AGN at all epochs are on average hosted by galaxies in dark matter halos of $10^{12}-10^{13}$ M$_{\odot}$, intermediate between star-forming and passive galaxies. We find, however, that the same clustering signal can b…
Hydrodynamical cosmological simulations have recently made great advances in reproducing galaxy mass assembly over cosmic time - as often quantified from the comparison of their predicted stellar mass functions to observed stellar mass functions from data. In this paper we compare the clustering of galaxies from the hydrodynamical cosmological simulated lightcone Horizon-AGN, to clustering measurements from the VIDEO survey observations. Using mocks built from a VIDEO-like photometry, we first explore the bias introduced into clustering measurements by using stellar masses and redshifts derive…
We present the clustering properties of a complete sample of 968 radio sources detected at 1.4 GHz by the VLA-COSMOS survey with radio fluxes brighter than 0.15 mJy. 92% have redshift determinations from the Laigle et al. (2016) catalogue. Based on their radio-luminosity, these objects have been divided into two populations of 644 AGN and 247 star-forming galaxies. By fixing the slope of the auto-correlation function to gamma=2, we find r_0=11.7^{+1.0}_{-1.1} Mpc for the clustering length of the whole sample, while r_0=11.2^{+2.5}_{-3.3} Mpc and r_0=7.8^{+1.6}_{-2.1} Mpc (r_0=6.8^{+1.4}_{-1.8}…
There is an ongoing debate on whether feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can effectively regulate the star formation activities in their host galaxies. To investigate the feedback effect of AGN-driven outflows, we perform integral-field spectroscopic observations of 40 moderate-luminosity (10$^{41.5}$ $<$ L$_{\rm [OIII];cor}$ $<$ 10$^{43.1}$ erg s$^{-1}$) Type-2 AGNs at z $<$ 0.1, which present strong outflow signatures in the integrated [OIII] kinematics. Based on the radial profile of the normalized [OIII] velocity dispersion by stellar velocity dispersion, we measure the kinematic …
We study the moderate-to-high radiative luminosity active galactic nuclei (HLAGN) within the VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project. The survey covers 2.6 square degrees centered on the COSMOS field with a 1$σ$ sensitivity of 2.3 $\mathrm{μJy}$/beam across the field. This provides the simultaneously largest and deepest radio continuum survey available to date with exquisite multi-wavelength coverage. The survey yields 10,830 radio sources with signal-to-noise ratios $\geq$5. A subsample of 1,604 HLAGN is analyzed here. These were selected via a combination of X-ray luminosity and mid-infrared colors. …
We present the clustering properties and halo occupation distribution (HOD) modelling of very low redshift, hard X-ray-detected active galactic nuclei (AGN) using cross-correlation function measurements with Two-Micron All Sky Survey galaxies. Spanning a redshift range of $0.007 < z < 0.037$, with a median $z=0.024$, we present a precise AGN clustering study of the most local AGN in the Universe. The AGN sample is drawn from the SWIFT/BAT 70-month and INTEGRAL/IBIS eight year all-sky X-ray surveys and contains both type I and type II AGN. We find a large-scale bias for the full AGN sample of $…
We investigate the clustering and dark halo properties for the narrow-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the SDSS, particularly examining the joint dependence on galaxy mass and color. AGN in galaxies with blue colors or massive red galaxies with M*>~10^{10.5}Msun are found to show almost identical clustering amplitudes at all scales to control galaxies of the same mass, color and structural parameters. This suggests AGN activity in blue galaxies or massive red galaxies is regulated by internal processes, with no correlation with environment. The antibias of AGN at scales between ~100kpc and…
Dark matter haloes in which galaxies reside are likely to have a significant impact on their evolution. We investigate the link between dark matter haloes and their constituent galaxies by measuring the angular two-point correlation function of radio sources, using recently released 3 GHz imaging over $\sim 2 \ \mathrm{deg}^2$ of the COSMOS field. We split the radio source population into Star Forming Galaxies (SFGs) and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), and further separate the AGN into radiatively efficient and inefficient accreters. Restricting our analysis to $z<1$, we find SFGs have a bias, $…
The clustering of active galactic nuclei (AGN) sheds light on their typical large (Mpc-scale) environments, which can constrain the growth and evolution of supermassive black holes. Here we measure the clustering of luminous X-ray-selected AGN in the Stripe 82X and XMM-XXL-North surveys around the peak epoch of black hole growth, in order to investigate the dependence of luminosity on large-scale AGN environment. We compute the auto-correlation function of AGN in two luminosity bins, $10^{43}\leq L_X<10^{44.5}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at $z\sim 0.8$ and $L_X\geq 10^{44.5}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at $z\sim 1.8$, an…
The spatial clustering of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is considered to be one of the important diagnostics for the understanding of the underlying processes behind their activities complementary to measurements of the luminosity function (LF). We analyse the AGN clustering from a recent semi-analytic model performed on a large cosmological $N$-body simulation covering a cubic gigaparsec comoving volume. We have introduced a new time-scale of gas accretion on to the supermassive black holes to account for the loss of the angular momentum on small scales, which is required to match the faint e…
We study the spatial clustering through the projected two-point correlation function of $632$ $(1130)$ XMM-COSMOS Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) with known spectroscopic (spectroscopic or photometric) redshifts in the range $z = [0.1 - 2.5]$ in order to measure the AGN bias and estimate the typical mass of the hosting dark matter (DM) halo as a function of AGN host galaxy properties. We create AGN subsamples in terms of stellar mass $M_*$ and specific black hole accretion rate $L_X/M_*$, to probe how AGN environment depends on these quantities. For the full spectroscopic AGN sample, we measure …
We characterize the environments of local accreting supermassive black holes by measuring the clustering of AGN in the Swift/BAT Spectroscopic Survey (BASS). With 548 AGN in the redshift range 0.01<z<0.1 over the full sky from the DR1 catalog, BASS provides the largest, least biased sample of local AGN to date due to its hard X-ray selection (14-195 keV) and rich multiwavelength/ancillary data. By measuring the projected cross-correlation function between the AGN and 2MASS galaxies, and interpreting it via halo occupation distribution (HOD) and subhalo-based models, we constrain the occupation…
The orientation-based unification model of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) posits that the principle difference between obscured (Type 2) and unobscured (Type 1) AGNs is the line-of-sight into the central engine. If this model is correct than there should be no difference in many of the properties of AGN host galaxies (e.g., the mass of the surrounding dark matter haloes). However, recent clustering analyses of Type 1 and Type 2 AGNs have provided some evidence for a difference in the halo mass, in conflict with the orientation-based unified model. In this work, a method to compute the Condition…
We study a sample of 1,604 moderate-to-high radiative luminosity active galactic nuclei (HLAGN) selected at 3 GHz within the VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project. These were classified by combining multiple AGN diagnostics: X-ray data, mid-infrared data and broad-band spectral energy distribution fitting. We decompose the total radio 1.4 GHz luminosity ($\mathrm{L_{1.4\ GHz,TOT}}$) into the emission originating from star formation and AGN activity by measuring the excess in $\mathrm{L_{1.4\ GHz,TOT}}$ relative to the infrared-radio correlation of star-forming galaxies. To quantify the excess, for ea…
This is the fourth paper in a series that reports on our investigation of the clustering properties of active galactic nuclei (AGN) identified in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). In this paper we investigate the cause of the X-ray luminosity dependence of the clustering of broad-line, luminous AGN at 0.16<z<0.36. We fit the H-alpha line profile in the SDSS spectra for all X-ray and optically-selected broad-line AGN, determine the mass of the super-massive black hole (SMBH), M_BH, and infer the accretion rate relative to Eddington (L/L_EDD). Since M_BH and L/…
The co-evolution between central supermassive black holes (BH), their host galaxies, and dark matter halos is still a matter of intense debate. Present theoretical models suffer from large uncertainties and degeneracies, for example, between the fraction of accreting sources and their characteristic accretion rate. In recent work we showed that Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) clustering represents a powerful tool to break degeneracies when analysed in terms of mean BH mass, and that AGN bias at fixed stellar mass is largely independent of most of the input parameters, such as the AGN duty cycle a…
This work is part of a series of studies focusing on the environment and the properties of the X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) population from the XXL survey. The present survey, given its large area, continuity, extensive multiwavelength coverage, and large-scale structure information, is ideal for this kind of study. Here, we focus on the XXL-South (XXL-S) field. Our main aim is to study the environment of the various types of X-ray selected AGN and investigate its possible role in AGN triggering and evolution. We studied the large-scale (>1 Mpc) environment up to redshift z=1 us…
As part of our KMOS AGN Survey at High-redshift (KASHz), we present spatially-resolved VLT/KMOS and VLT/SINFONI spectroscopic data and ALMA 870$μ$m continuum imaging of eight $z$=1.4--2.6 moderate AGN ($L_{\rm 2-10 \rm kev}$ = $10^{42} - 10^{45}$ ergs s$^{-1}$). We map [OIII], H$α$ and rest-frame FIR emission to search for any spatial anti-correlation between ionised outflows (traced by the [OIII] line) and star formation (SF; traced by H$α$ and FIR), that has previously been claimed for some high-z AGN and used as evidence for negative and/or positive AGN feedback. Firstly, we conclude that H…
Aims. We perform clustering measurements of 800 X-ray selected Chandra COSMOS Legacy (CCL) Type 2 AGN with known spectroscopic redshift to probe the halo mass dependence on AGN host galaxy properties, such as galaxy stellar mass Mstar, star formation rate (SFR) and specific black hole accretion rate (BHAR), in the redshift range z = [0 - 3]. Methods. We split the sample of AGN with known spectroscopic redshits according to Mstar, SFR and specific BHAR, while matching the distributions in terms of the other parameters, including redshift. We measure the projected two-point correlation function …
Deep X-ray surveys have provided a comprehensive and largely unbiased view of active galactic nuclei (AGN) evolution stretching back to $z \sim 5$. However, it has been challenging to use the survey results to connect this evolution to the cosmological environment that AGNs inhabit. Exploring this connection will be crucial to understanding the triggering mechanisms of AGNs and how these processes manifest in observations at all wavelengths. In anticipation of upcoming wide-field X-ray surveys that will allow quantitative analysis of AGN environments, this paper presents a method to observatio…
We present results of the clustering analysis between active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and galaxies at redshift 0.1-1.0 for investigating properties of galaxies associated with the AGNs, revealing the nature of fueling mechanism of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). We used 8059 SDSS AGNs/QSOs for which virial masses of individual SMBHs were measured, and divided them into four mass groups. Cross-correlation analysis was performed and bias for each mass group was derived. The averaged color and luminosity distributions of galaxies around the AGNs/QSOs were also derived for each mass group. The gal…
The UV/optical and X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN) have long been expected to be well correlated as a result of the X-ray illumination of the accretion disk. Recent monitoring campaigns of nearby AGN, however, found that their X-ray and UV/optical emission are only moderately correlated, challenging the aforementioned paradigm. In this work, we aim to demonstrate that due to the definition of the cross correlation function, a low UV/X-ray correlation is well expected in the case of an X-ray illuminated accretion disk, when the dynamic variability of the X-ray source is taken …
We have measured the clustering of galaxies around active galactic nuclei (AGN) for which single-epoch virial masses of the super-massive black hole (SMBH) are available to investigate the relation between the large scale environment of AGNs and the evolution of SMBHs. The AGN samples used in this work were derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) observations and the galaxy samples were from 240~deg$^{2}$ S15b data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). The investigated redshift range is 0.6--3.0, and the masses of the SMBHs lie in the range $10^{7.5}$--$10^{10}$…
Context: Recent XMM-Newton observations have revealed that IRAS 17020+4544 is a very unusual example of black hole wind-produced feedback by a moderately luminous AGN in a spiral galaxy. Aims: Since the source is known for being a radio emitter, we investigated about the presence and the properties of a non-thermal component. Methods: We observed IRAS 17020+4544 with the Very Long Baseline Array at 5, 8, 15, and 24 GHz within a month of the 2014 XMM-Newton observations. We further analysed archival data taken in 2000 and 2012. Results: We detect the source at 5 GHz and on short baselines at 8 …
The XMM-XXL Survey spans two fields of $\rm 25$ deg$^2$ each observed for more than 6Ms with XMM, which provided a sample of tens of thousands of point sources with a flux limit of $\sim 2.2 \times 10^{-15}$ and $\sim 1.4 \times 10^{-14}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{2}$, corresponding to 50% of the area curve, in the soft band and hard band, respectively. In this paper we present the spatial clustering properties of $\sim 3100$ and $\sim 1900$ X-ray active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the 0.5-2 and 2-10 keV bands, respectively, which have been spectroscopically observed with the AAOmega facility. This samp…
Upcoming weak lensing surveys require a detailed theoretical understanding of the matter power spectrum in order to derive accurate and precise cosmological parameter values. While galaxy formation is known to play an important role, its precise effects are currently unknown. We present a set of 92 matter power spectra from the OWLS, cosmo-OWLS and BAHAMAS simulation suites, including different $Λ$CDM cosmologies, neutrino masses, subgrid prescriptions and AGN feedback strengths. We conduct a detailed investigation of the dependence of the relative difference between the total matter power spe…
At the highest redshifts, z>6, several tens of luminous quasars have been detected. The search for fainter AGN, in deep X-ray surveys, has proven less successful, with few candidates to date. An extrapolation of the relationship between black hole (BH) and bulge mass would predict that the sample of z>6 galaxies host relatively massive BHs (>1e6 Msun), if one assumes that total stellar mass is a good proxy for bulge mass. At least a few of these BHs should be luminous enough to be detectable in the 4Ms CDFS. The relation between BH and stellar mass defined by local moderate-luminosity AGN in l…
Modern cosmological simulations rely heavily on feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) in order to stave off overcooling in massive galaxies and galaxy groups and clusters. An important independent test is whether or not the simulations capture the broad demographics of the observed AGN population. Here, we have used the cosmo-OWLS suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to produce realistic synthetic catalogs of X-ray AGN out to $z$=3, with the aim of comparing the catalogs to the observed X-ray AGN population in the XXL survey and other recent surveys. We focused on the unabsorb…
We present the measurement of the projected and redshift space 2-point correlation function (2pcf) of the new catalog of Chandra COSMOS-Legacy AGN at 2.9$\leq$z$\leq$5.5 ($\langle L_{bol} \rangle \sim$10$^{46}$ erg/s) using the generalized clustering estimator based on phot-z probability distribution functions (Pdfs) in addition to any available spec-z. We model the projected 2pcf estimated using $π_{max}$ = 200 h$^{-1}$ Mpc with the 2-halo term and we derive a bias at z$\sim$3.4 equal to b = 6.6$^{+0.60}_{-0.55}$, which corresponds to a typical mass of the hosting halos of log M$_h$ = 12.83$^…
We investigate the clustering properties of 45441 radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) and 3493 radio-loud quasars (RLQs) drawn from a joint use of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at 20 cm (FIRST) surveys in the range $0.3<z<2.3$. This large spectroscopic quasar sample allow us to investigate the clustering signal dependence on radio-loudness and black hole (BH) virial mass. We find that RLQs are clustered more strongly than RQQs in all the redshift bins considered. We find a real-space correlation length of $r_{0}=6.59_{-0.24}^{+0.33}\,h^{-1}\,\textrm{Mpc}$ and $r_…
We investigate the connection between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host dark matter halos in the local universe using the clustering statistics and luminosity function of AGN from the Swift/BAT AGN Spectroscopic survey (BASS DR2). By forward-modeling AGN activity into snapshot halo catalogs from N-body simulations, we test a scenario in which SMBH mass correlates with dark matter (sub)halo mass for fixed stellar mass. We compare this to a model absent of this correlation, where stellar mass alone determines the SMBH mass. We find that while both simple models are able to largely …
(abridged) We study the composition of the faint radio population selected from the VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project. The survey covers a 2.6sq.deg. area with a mean rms of ~2.3uJy/b, cataloging 10830 sources (>5sigma). Combining these radio data with optical, near-infrared (UltraVISTA), mid-infrared (Spitzer/IRAC) data, and X-ray data (Chandra), we find counterparts to radio sources for ~93% of the radio sample (in the areas of the COSMOS field not affected by saturated or bright sources in the optical to NIR bands), reaching out to z<6. We further classify the sources as star forming galaxies o…
There is growing observational evidence for dwarf galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei (AGN), including hints of AGN-driven outflows in dwarfs. However, in the common theoretical model of galaxy formation, efficient supernova (SN) feedback is the tool of choice for regulating star formation in the low-mass regime. In this paper, we present a suite of high-resolution cosmological dwarf zoom-in simulations relaxing the assumption of strong SN feedback, with the goal to determine whether more moderate SN feedback in combination with an efficient AGN could be a suitable alternative. Importantly…
