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arXiv 1409.3563quant-phmath-phmath.MP
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基于算子空间理论的量子安全随机性提取器

Quantum-proof randomness extractors via operator space theory

Mario Berta, Omar Fawzi, Volkher B. Scholz

摘要:

量子验证随机性提取器是经典密码学和量子密码学以及设备无关随机性放大和扩展的重要构建块。此外,它们也是量子香农理论的一个有用工具。已知的是,一些提取器构造是量子证明的,而其他提取器构造可证明不是量子证明的[Gavinsky等人,STOC'07]。我们认为,算子空间的理论提供了一个自然的框架,研究在何种程度上提取器是安全的对量子对手:我们首先短语提取器的定义作为赋范空间之间的有界范数条件,然后表明,量子对手的存在对应于一个完全有界范数条件之间的算子空间。由此,我们表明,非常高的最小熵提取器以及提取器与小输出总是(近似)量子证明。我们还研究了一个泛化的提取器称为随机性冷凝器。我们把凝聚子的定义称为有界范数条件,把量子安全凝聚子的定义称为完全有界范数条件。将凝聚器看作二部图,我们发现有界范数条件对应于一个研究得很好的组合问题的实例,称为二部分解子图。此外,利用算子空间的特征,我们可以将任何冷凝器关联到贝尔不等式(两人博弈),使得经典和量子策略与冷凝器上的经典和量子攻击一一对应。因此,我们得到每个量子证明的冷凝器(其中特别包括量子证明的提取器)的贝尔不等式,不能违反量子力学。

英文摘要:

Quantum-proof randomness extractors are an important building block for classical and quantum cryptography as well as device independent randomness amplification and expansion. Furthermore they are also a useful tool in quantum Shannon theory. It is known that some extractor constructions are quantum-proof whereas others are provably not [Gavinsky et al., STOC'07]. We argue that the theory of operator spaces offers a natural framework for studying to what extent extractors are secure against quantum adversaries: we first phrase the definition of extractors as a bounded norm condition between normed spaces, and then show that the presence of quantum adversaries corresponds to a completely bounded norm condition between operator spaces. From this we show that very high min-entropy extractors as well as extractors with small output are always (approximately) quantum-proof. We also study a generalization of extractors called randomness condensers. We phrase the definition of condensers as a bounded norm condition and the definition of quantum-proof condensers as a completely bounded norm condition. Seeing condensers as bipartite graphs, we then find that the bounded norm condition corresponds to an instance of a well studied combinatorial problem, called bipartite densest subgraph. Furthermore, using the characterization in terms of operator spaces, we can associate to any condenser a Bell inequality (two-player game) such that classical and quantum strategies are in one-to-one correspondence with classical and quantum attacks on the condenser. Hence, we get for every quantum-proof condenser (which includes in particular quantum-proof extractors) a Bell inequality that can not be violated by quantum mechanics.

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