Alexander Hulpke, David Stanovský, Petr Vojtěchovský
We establish a canonical correspondence between connected quandles and certain configurations in transitive groups, called quandle envelopes. This correspondence allows us to efficiently enumerate connected quandles of small orders, and present new proofs concerning connected quandles of order p and 2p. We also present a new characterization of connected quandles that are affine.
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We prove that for n>2 there exists a quandle of cyclic type of size n if and only if n is a power of a prime number. This establishes a conjecture of S. Kamada, H. Tamaru and K. Wada. As a corollary, every finite quandle of cyclic type is an Alexander quandle. We also prove that finite doubly transitive quandles are of cyclic type. This establishes a conjecture of H. Tamaru.
A (left) quandle is connected if its left multiplication group acts transitively. In 2014, Eisermann introduced the concept of quandle coverings, corresponding to so-called constant quandle cocycles that form a subset of quandle cocycles. A connected quandle is said to be \emph{simply connected} if it has no nontrivial coverings, or, equivalently, if its second constant cohomology groups are trivial. In this paper we develop a combinatorial approach to constant cohomology. Upon applying our theory, we prove that connected quandles that are affine over cyclic groups are simply connected (extend…
On Simply Connected Quandles
本文提出了一种仅用素数阶阿贝尔群上闭链刻画有限单连通quandle的新方法，并据此完成了大小为$p^2$和$p^3$等单连通quandle及两类有限对合quandle子类的分类。
We introduce a notion of natural orderings of elements of finite connected quandles of order $n$. When the elements of such a quandle $Q$ are already ordered naturally, any automophism on $Q$ is a natural ordering. Although there are many natural orderings, the operation tables for such orderings coincide when the permutation $*q$ is a cycle of length $n-1$. This leads to the classification of automorphisms on such a quandle. Moreover, it is also shown that every row and column of the operation table of such a quandle contains all the elements of $Q$, which is due to K. Oshiro. We also conside…
In this paper we study different questions concerning automorphisms of quandles. For a conjugation quandle $Q={\rm Conj}(G)$ of a group $G$ we determine several subgroups of ${\rm Aut}(Q)$ and find necessary and sufficient conditions when these subgroups coincide with the whole group ${\rm Aut}(Q)$. In particular, we prove that ${\rm Aut}({\rm Conj}(G))={\rm Z}(G)\rtimes {\rm Aut}(G)$ if and only if either ${\rm Z}(G)=1$ or $G$ is one of the groups $\mathbb{Z}_2$, $\mathbb{Z}_2^2$ or $\mathbb{Z}_3$. For a big list of Takasaki quandles $T(G)$ of an abelian group $G$ with $2$-torsion we prove th…
Let $G$ be a group and $φ\in \Aut(G)$. Then the set $G$ equipped with the binary operation $a*b=φ(ab^{-1})b$ gives a quandle structure on $G$, denoted by $\Alex(G, φ)$ and called the generalised Alexander quandle. When $G$ is additive abelian and $φ= -\id_G$, then $\Alex(G, φ)$ is the well-known Takasaki quandle. In this paper, we determine the group of automorphisms and inner automorphisms of Takasaki quandles of abelian groups with no 2-torsion, and Alexander quandles of finite abelian groups with respect to fixed-point free automorphisms. As an application, we prove that if $G\cong (\mathbb…
It is the purpose of this note to classify connected quandles up to order 14, and in particular to show that there is no connected quandle of order 14.
We classify all non-simple connected quandles of size $pq$ and $4p$ where $p,q$ are primes, as a special family of locally strictly simple quandles (i.e. quandles for which all proper subquandles are strictly simple). In particular we classify all latin quandles of size $pq$ and $4p$ and we show that latin quandles of size $8p$ are affine.
In the paper we describe the class of principal quandles and show that connected quandles can be decomposed as a disjoint union of principal quandles. We also prove that simple affine quandles are finite and they can be characterized among finite simple quandles by several different equivalent properties, as for instance being doubly homogeneous (i.e. having a doubly transitive automorphism group). A complete description of finite doubly-homogeneous quandles is provided extending the result of \cite{V} and solving \cite[Problem 6.7]{2trans}. We also provide a classification of connected cyclic…
In generalization of knot quandles we introduce similar algebraic structures associated with arbitrary pairs consisting of a path-connected topological space and its path-connected subspace.
Tensor product and quandle rings of connected quandles of prime order
该研究针对素数阶连通quandle，通过quandle环的右单理想直和刻画研究其正则表示，给出张量积刻画，讨论小阶连通quandle环的无重分解并证明仿射连通quandle的quandle环无重分解。
We develop some general ideas to study connected quandles of prime power size and we classify non-affine connected quandles of size $p^3$ for $p>3$, using a combination of group theoretical and universal algebraic tools. As a byproduct we obtain a classification of Bruck loops of the same size and that they are in one-to-one correspondence with commutative automorphic loops.
We consider the problem of when one quandle homomorphism will factor through another, restricting our attention to the case where all quandles involved are connected. We provide a complete solution to the problem for surjective quandle homomorphisms using the structure theorem for connected quandles of Ehrman et al. (2008) and the factorization system for surjective quandle homomorphsims of Bunch et al. (2010) as our primary tools. The paper contains the substantive results obtained by an REU research group consisting of the first four authors under the mentorship of the fifth, and was support…
We show that there is an unique connected quandle of order twice an odd prime number greater than 3. It has order 10 and is isomorphic to the conjugacy class of transpositions in the symmetric group of degree 5. This establishes a conjecture of L. Vendramin.
Quandles from group actions and a Cayley-type embedding theorem
本文通过研究群作用相关的拟群构造，建立了有限拟群的Cayley型嵌入定理，并利用对称群的自然作用构造出能嵌入所有$n$元拟群的泛拟群。
A quandle of cyclic type of order $n$ with $f\geq 2$ fixed points is such that each of its permutations splits into $f$ cycles of length $1$ and one cycle of length $n-f$. In this article we prove that there is only one such connected quandle, up to isomorphism. This is a quandle of order $6$ and $2$ fixed points, known in the literature as octahedron quandle. We prove also that, for each $f\geq 2$, the non-connected versions of these quandles only occur for orders $n$ in the range $f+2 \leq n \leq 2f$ and that, for each $f>1$, there is only one such quandle of order $2f$ with $f$ fixed points…
Quandles are self-distributive, right-invertible, idempotent algebras. A group with conjugation for binary operation is an example of a quandle. Given a quandle $(Q, \ast)$ and a positive integer $n$, define $a\ast_n b = (\cdots (a\ast \underbrace{b)\ast \cdots )\ast b}_{n}$, where $a, b \in Q$. Then, $(Q, \ast_n)$ is again a quandle. We set forth the following problem. ``Find $(Q, \ast)$ such that the sequence $\{(Q, \ast_n)\, :\, n\in \mathbb{Z}^+ \}$ is made up of pairwise non-isomorphic quandles.'' In this article we find such a quandle $(Q, \ast)$. We study the general linear group of $2$…
On Nilpotent and Hypocentral Quandle Homomorphisms
本文为quandle满射同态定义幂零与下中心概念，证明其等价于覆盖同态复合及右正交性，建立正交分解系统，并给出约化同态的幂零充分条件。
A condition of admissibility for generalized Alexander quandles
本文针对 quandle 的可容性问题，聚焦广义亚历山大 quandles，基于几何性质给出充分条件，推广了相关前期研究结论。
On Core Quandles
本文基于底层群的性质刻画了core quandle的若干性质，通过标准齐次表示回答了连通core的开放问题，并证明了单core quandle是本原的。
We present methods of constructing examples of quandles of order 3n, where n is greater or equal to 3. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the constructed examples to be (i) connected (ii) group (conjugate) (iii) involutory and (iv) Alexander quandles are examined and presented. Two particular examples from these methods are presented for illustration purpose and their properties are obtained, and these are used in classifying the constructed examples up to isomorphism.
We adapt the commutator theory of universal algebra to the particular setting of racks and quandles, exploiting a Galois connection between congruences and certain normal subgroups of the displacement group. Congruence properties such as abelianness and centrality are reflected by the corresponding relative displacement groups, and so do the global properties, solvability and nilpotence. To show the new tool in action, we present three applications: non-existence theorems for quandles (no connected involutory quandles of order $2^k$, no latin quandles of order $\equiv2\pmod4$), a non-colorabil…
Hayashi Property for Conjugation Quandles
本文全面描述共轭拟群及其连通性，以群的中心性条件刻画Hayashi猜想，并在有限幂零、对称、交错和二面体群等情形下证明该条件，从而验证相应共轭拟群的Hayashi猜想。
On the geometry and bounded cohomology of racks and quandles
本文研究 rack 与 quandle 的几何结构，在其连通分支上定义自然度量并关联内自同构群的双不变度量，同时提出有界上同调并证明内自同构群顺从时的消没定理。
A rack is a set with a binary operation such that left multiplications are automorphisms of the set and a quandle is a rack satisfying a certain condition. For a finite connected rack the cycle type of the permutation defined by left multiplication by an element is independent from the chosen element. This cycle type is called the profile of the rack. Hayashi conjectured, in the profile of a finite connected quandle, the length of a cycle must divide the length of the largest cycle. In this paper, we prove Hayashi's Conjecture in some particular cases.
It is shown that every connected vertex-transitive graph of order $6p$, where $p$ is a prime, contains a Hamilton path. Moreover, it is shown that, except for the truncation of the Petersen graph, every connected vertex-transitive graph of order $6p$ which is not genuinely imprimitive contains a Hamilton cycle.
A characterisation of all vertex-transitive finite graphs of connectivity < 5
本文通过图论类型标准分解方法，特征化了所有连通性小于5的顶点传递有限图，将其归类为5连通或特定图类。
On arc-transitive inner-automorphic Cayley graphs on dihedral groups
本文研究二面体群上的弧传递内自同构赛雷图，分析其结构并给出存在条件，构造无限例并完成2-距离传递赛雷图的分类。
A connected graph $Γ=(V,E)$ of valency at least $3$ is called a basic $2$-arc-transitive graph if its full automorphism group has a subgroup $G$ with the following properties: (i) $G$ acts transitively on the set of $2$-arcs of $Γ$, and (ii) every minimal normal subgroup of $G$ has at most two orbits on $V$. In her papers [17,18], Praeger proved a connected $2$-arc-transitive graph of valency at least $3$ is a normal cover of some basic $2$-arc-transitive graph, and characterized the group-theoretic structures for basic $2$-arc-transitive graphs. Based on Praeger's theorems on $2$-arc-transiti…
A graph is called {\em arc-transitive} (or {\em symmetric}) if its automorphism group has a single orbit on ordered pairs of adjacent vertices, and 2-arc-transitive its automorphism group has a single orbit on ordered paths of length 2. In this paper we consider the orders of such graphs, for given valency. We prove that for any given positive integer $k$, there exist only finitely many connected 3-valent 2-arc-transitive graphs whose order is $kp$ for some prime $p$, and that if $d\ge 4$, then there exist only finitely many connected $d$-valent 2-arc-transitive graphs whose order is $kp$ or $…
Every simply connected and connected solvable Lie group $G$ admits a simply transitive action on a nilpotent Lie group $H$ via affine transformations. Although the existence is guaranteed, not much is known about which Lie groups $G$ can act simply transitive on which Lie groups $H$. So far the focus was mainly on the case where $G$ is also nilpotent, leading to a characterization depending only on the corresponding Lie algebras and related to the notion of post-Lie algebra structures. This paper studies two different aspects of this problem. First, we give a method to check whether a given ac…
In this paper we consider connected locally $G$-arc-transitive graphs with vertices of valence 3 and 4, such that the kernel $G_{uv}^{[1]}$ of the action of an edge-stabiliser on the neighourhood $Γ(u) \cup Γ(v)$ is trivial. We find nineteen finitely presented groups with the property that any such group $G$ is a quotient of one of these groups. As an application, we enumerate all connected locally arc-transitive graphs of valence ${3,4}$ on at most 350 vertices whose automorphism group contains a locally arc-transitive subgroup $G$ with $G_{uv}^{[1]} = 1$.
We study $(G,2)$-arc-transitive graphs for innately transitive permutation groups $G$ such that $G$ can be embedded into a wreath product $\symΓ\wr\sy\ell$ acting in product action on $Γ^\ell$. We find two such connected graphs: the first is Sylvester's double six graph with 36 vertices, while the second is a graph with $120^2$ vertices whose automorphism group is $\aut\sp 44$. We prove that under certain conditions no more such graphs exist.
It is shown that every connected vertex-transitive graph of order $4p$, where $p$ is a prime, is hamiltonian with the exception of the Coxeter graph which is known to possess a Hamilton path.
In this paper we investigate orders, longest cycles and the number of cycles of automorphisms of finite vertex-transitive graphs. In particular, we show that the order of every automorphism of a connected vertex-transitive graph with $n$ vertices and of valence $d$, $d\le 4$, is at most $c_d n$ where $c_3=1$ and $c_4 = 9$. Whether such a constant $c_d$ exists for valencies larger than $4$ remains an unanswered question. Further, we prove that every automorphism $g$ of a finite connected $3$-valent vertex-transitive graph $Γ$, $Γ\not\cong K_{3,3}$, has a regular orbit, that is, an orbit of $\la…
To any connected and simply connected nilpotent Lie group N, one can associate its group of affine transformations Aff(N). In this paper, we study simply transitive actions of a given nilpotent Lie group G on another nilpotent Lie group N, via such affine transformations. We succeed in translating the existence question of such a simply transitive affine action to a corresponding question on the Lie algebra level. As an example of the possible use of this translation, we then consider the case where dim(G)=dim(N) less than 6. Finally, we specialize to the case of abelian simply transitive affi…
We study groups acting vertex-transitively on connected, trivalent graphs such that stabilizers of vertices are infinite. If the action is edge-transitive, we prove that the graph has to be a tree. We analyze the case where the action is not edge-transitive and fully classify the possible $2$-ended graphs. We draw connections to Willis' scale function and re-prove a result by Trofimov.
Non-solvable $2$-arc-transitive covers of Petersen graphs
本文通过构造 Petersen 图的连通 2-弧传递覆盖并使其变换群不可解，解决了该类覆盖存在性的长期未决问题。
A construction of 2-arc-transitive non-solvable covers of complete graphs
本文提出一种构造完全图2-弧传递非可解覆盖的方法，解决了该类覆盖的存在性问题。
From the point of view of discrete geometry, the class of locally finite transitive graphs is a wide and important one. The subclass of Cayley graphs is of particular interest, as testifies the development of geometric group theory. Recall that Cayley graphs can be defined as non-empty locally finite connected graphs endowed with a transitive group action such that any non-identity element acts without fixed point. We define a class of transitive graphs which are transitive in an "absolutely non-Cayley way": we consider graphs endowed with a transitive group action such that any element of the…
The isomorphism problem of Cayley graphs has been well studied in the literature, such as characterizations of CI (DCI)-graphs and CI (DCI)-groups. In this paper, we generalize these to vertex-transitive graphs and establish parallel results. Some interesting vertex-transitive graphs are given, including a first example of connected symmetric non-Cayley non-GI-graph. Also, we initiate the study for GI and DGI-groups, defined analogously to the concept of CI and DCI-groups.
We consider a finite, connected and simple graph $Γ$ that admits a vertex-transitive group of automorphisms $G$. Under the assumption that, for all $x \in V(Γ)$, the local action $G_x^{Γ(x)}$ is the action of $\mathrm{Sym}(n)$ on ordered pairs, we show that the group $G_x^{[3]}$, the pointwise stabiliser of a ball of radius three around $x$, is trivial.
The base size of vertex-transitive cubic graphs
该研究证明了有限连通顶点传递立方图的基大小问题，指出当图的顶点数大于90时，该图要么是Split Praeger--Xu图，要么存在两个顶点其唯一自同构固定两者的是恒等映射。
On the order of semiregular automorphisms of cubic vertex-transitive graphs
本文证明了有限连通三次顶点传递图要么存在阶至少为6的半正则自同构，要么其顶点数受绝对常数上界控制。
We introduce the notion of an `inverse property' (IP) quandle C which we propose as the right notion of `Lie algebra' in the category of sets. To any IP quandle we construct an associated group G_C. For a class of IP quandles which we call `locally skew' and when G_C is finite we show that the noncommutative de Rham cohomology H^1(G_C) is trivial aside from a single generator θthat has no classical analogue. If we start with a group G then any subset C\subseteq G\setminus {e} which is ad-stable and inversion-stable naturally has the structure of an IP quandle. If C also generates G then we sho…
A graph Gamma is said to be 2-arc-transitive if its full automorphism group Aut(Γ) has a single orbit on ordered paths of length 2, and for G\leq Aut(Γ), Γis G-regular if G is regular on the vertex set of Γ. Let G be a finite non-abelian simple group and let Γbe a connected tetravalent 2-arc-transitive G-regular graph. In 2004, Fang, Li and Xu proved that either G\unlhd \Aut(Γ) or G is one of 22 possible candidates. In this paper, the number of candidates is reduced to 7, and for each candidate G, it is shown that \Aut(Γ) has a normal arc-transitive non-abelian simple subgroup T such that G\le…
We prove a quantitative, finitary version of Trofimov's result that a connected, locally finite vertex-transitive graph G of polynomial growth admits a quotient with finite fibres on which the action of Aut(G) is virtually nilpotent with finite vertex stabilisers. We also present some applications. We show that a finite, connected vertex-transitive graph G of large diameter admits a quotient with fibres of small diameter on which the action of Aut(G) is virtually abelian with vertex stabilisers of bounded size. We also show that G has moderate growth in the sense of Diaconis and Saloff-Coste, …
On automorphism groups of half-arc-transitive tetravalent graphs
本文刻画了存在子群M<H使得图是M-半弧传递且H-弧传递的连通四价图，构造了各类例子，包括对Rivera和Šparl 2019年问题的反例以及首个非交换单群上的四价正规边传递非正规Cayley图。
We give a unified approach to analysing, for each positive integer $s$, a class of finite connected graphs that contains all the distance transitive graphs as well as the locally $s$-arc transitive graphs of diameter at least $s$. A graph is in the class if it is connected and if, for each vertex $v$, the subgroup of automorphisms fixing $v$ acts transitively on the set of vertices at distance $i$ from $v$, for each $i$ from 1 to $s$. We prove that this class is closed under forming normal quotients. Several graphs in the class are designated as degenerate, and a nondegenerate graph in the cla…
All sigma-compact, locally compact groups acting sharply n-transitively and continuously on compact spaces M have been classified, except for n=2,3 when M is infinite and disconnected. We show that no such actions exist for n=2 and that these actions for n=3 coincide with the action of a hyperbolic group on a space equivariantly homeomorphic to its hyperbolic boundary. We further give a characterization of non-compact groups acting 3-properly and transitively on infinite compact sets as non-elementary boundary transitive hyperbolic groups. The main tool is a generalization to locally compact g…
It is well-known that a complete Riemannian manifold M which is locally isometric to a symmetric space is covered by a symmetric space. Here we prove that a discrete version of this property (called local to global rigidity) holds for a large class of vertex-transitive graphs, including Cayley graphs of torsion-free lattices in simple Lie groups, and Cayley graph of torsion-free virtually nilpotent groups. By contrast, we exhibit various examples of Cayley graphs of finitely presented groups (e.g. SL(4,Z)) which fail to have this property, answering a question of Benjamini, Ellis, and Georgako…
On the number of fixed edges of automorphisms of vertex-transitive graphs of small valency
本文证明了有限连通3-价顶点传递图或4-价顶点与边传递图的非恒等自同构最多固定1/3的边，回答了Potočnik等提出的问题。
The relative fixity of a permutation group is the maximum proportion of the points fixed by a non-trivial element of the group and the relative fixity of a graph is the relative fixity of its automorphism group, viewed as a permutation group on the vertex-set of the graph. We prove in this paper that the relative fixity of connected $2$-arc-transitive graphs of a fixed valence tends to $0$ as the number of vertices grows to infinity. We prove the same result for the class of arc-transitive graphs of a fixed prime valence, and more generally, for any class of arc-transitive locally-$L$ graphs, …
The paper is devoted to generalizations of actions of topological groups on manifolds. Instead of a topological group, we consider a local topological group generalizing the notion of a~germ or a~neighborhood in a topological group. The notion of an action of a local group on a topological space is introduced. The paper constructs the theory of local sharply $n$-transitive groups and local $n$-pseudofields. Local sharply $n$-transitive groups are reduced to simpler algebraic objects -- local $n$-pseudofields, similarly to the way Lie groups are reduced to Lie algebras, and sharply two-transiti…
Let $p$ be a prime and let $L$ be either the intransitive permutation group $C_p\times C_p$ of degree $2p$ or the transitive permutation group $C_p \wr C_2$ of degree $2p$. Let $Γ$ be a connected $G$-vertex-transitive and $G$-edge-transitive graph and let $v$ be a vertex of $Γ$. We show that if the permutation group induced by the vertex-stabiliser $G_v$ on the neighbourhood $Γ(v)$ is isomorphic to $L$ then either $|V(Γ)|\geq p|G_v|\log_p\left(|G_v|/2\right)$, or $|V(Γ)|$ is bounded by a constant depending only on $p$, or $Γ$ is a very-well understood graph. This generalises a few recent resul…
Suppose that $X=G/K$ is the quotient of a locally compact group by a closed subgroup. If $X$ is locally contractible and connected, we prove that $X$ is a manifold. If the $G$-action is faithful, then $G$ is a Lie group.
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