探索群居生物体中警戒和觅食之间权衡的进化
Exploring the evolution of a trade-off between vigilance and foraging in group-living organisms
摘要：
尽管分组行为已经被积极研究了一个多世纪，但分组的众多健身益处的相对重要性仍然不清楚。我们使用一个模拟捕食下进化猎物的数字模型，直接探索群居觅食行为的进化，根据这样一个好处，“多眼”假设。根据这一假说，集体警戒使大型群体中的猎物能够通过相互发出警报信号或行为线索更有效地发现捕食者，从而使群体中的个体花费更多的时间觅食。在这里，我们发现，只要没有分组的直接成本，集体警惕就足以选择群居觅食行为（例如，竞争有限的食物资源），即使在控制混杂因素，如稀释效应。此外，我们探讨的遗传相关性和繁殖策略的猎物的作用，并发现，高度相关的群体的猎物与semelparous繁殖策略是最有可能进化的群居觅食行为介导的好处警惕。这些发现，结合早期对进化中的数字生物的研究，进一步加深了我们对有利于群体行为的因素的理解。
英文摘要：
Despite the fact that grouping behavior has been actively studied for over a century, the relative importance of the numerous proposed fitness benefits of grouping remain unclear. We use a digital model of evolving prey under simulated predation to directly explore the evolution of gregarious foraging behavior according to one such benefit, the "many eyes" hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, collective vigilance allows prey in large groups to detect predators more efficiently by making alarm signals or behavioral cues to each other, thereby allowing individuals within the group to spend more time foraging. Here, we find that collective vigilance is sufficient to select for gregarious foraging behavior as long there is not a direct cost for grouping (e.g., competition for limited food resources), even when controlling for confounding factors such as the dilution effect. Further, we explore the role of the genetic relatedness and reproductive strategy of the prey, and find that highly related groups of prey with a semelparous reproductive strategy are the most likely to evolve gregarious foraging behavior mediated by the benefit of vigilance. These findings, combined with earlier studies with evolving digital organisms, further sharpen our understanding of the factors favoring grouping behavior.
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