A method for pricing and superhedging European options under proportional transaction costs based on linear vector optimisation and geometric duality developed by Lohne & Rudloff (2014) is compared to a special case of the algorithms for American type derivatives due to Roux & Zastawniak (2014). An equivalence between these two approaches is established by means of a general result linking the support function of the upper image of a linear vector optimisation problem with the lower image of the dual linear optimisation problem.
An investor with constant absolute risk aversion trades a risky asset with general Itô-dynamics, in the presence of small proportional transaction costs. In this setting, we formally derive a leading-order optimal trading policy and the associated welfare, expressed in terms of the local dynamics of the frictionless optimizer. By applying these results in the presence of a random endowment, we obtain asymptotic formulas for utility indifference prices and hedging strategies in the presence of small transaction costs.
Pricing of European basket call option with n-assets and a bond is discussed in this paper, where all prices of n-assets and the bond are driven by Exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. The close-form of European basket option pricing formula is derived. Utilizing with 1-order differential approximate numerical solution of stochastic differential equation (Milstein method), a simulation example of European basket option pricing with 3 assets is also given.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problem of option pricing when the short rate follows subdiffusive fractional Merton model. We incorporate the stochastic nature of the short rate in our option valuation model and derive explicit formula for call and put option and discuss the corresponding fractional Black-Scholes equation. We present some properties of this pricing model for the cases of $α$ and $H$. Moreover, the numerical simulations illustrate that our model is flexible and easy to implement.
American options are studied in a general discrete market in the presence of proportional transaction costs, modelled as bid-ask spreads. Pricing algorithms and constructions of hedging strategies, stopping times and martingale representations are presented for short (seller's) and long (buyer's) positions in an American option with an arbitrary payoff. This general approach extends the special cases considered in the literature concerned primarily with computing the prices of American puts under transaction costs by relaxing any restrictions on the form of the payoff, the magnitude of the tra…
A stochastic model for pure-jump diffusion (the compound renewal process) can be used as a zero-order approximation and as a phenomenological description of tick-by-tick price fluctuations. This leads to an exact and explicit general formula for the martingale price of a European call option. A complete derivation of this result is presented by means of elementary probabilistic tools.
This paper deals with the problem of discrete-time option pricing by the mixed fractional version of Merton model with transaction costs. By a mean-self-financing delta hedging argument in a discrete-time setting, a European call option pricing formula is obtained. We also investigate the effect of the time-step $δt$ and the Hurst parameter $H$ on our pricing option model, which reveals that these parameters have high impact on option pricing. The properties of this model are also explained.
We study risk-sharing economies where heterogenous agents trade subject to quadratic transaction costs. The corresponding equilibrium asset prices and trading strategies are characterised by a system of nonlinear, fully-coupled forward-backward stochastic differential equations. We show that a unique solution generally exists provided that the agents' preferences are sufficiently similar. In a benchmark specification with linear state dynamics, the illiquidity discounts and liquidity premia observed empirically correspond to a positive relationship between transaction costs and volatility.
We derive the implied volatility estimation formula in European power call options pricing, where the payoff functions are in the form of $V=(S^α_T-K)^{+}$ and $V=(S^α_T-K^α)^{+}$ ($α>0$)respectively. Using quadratic Taylor approximations, We develop the computing formula of implied volatility in European power call option and extend the traditional implied volatility formula of Charles J.Corrado, et al (1996) to general power option pricing. And the Monte-Carlo simulations are also given.
This study deals with the problem of pricing European currency options in discrete time setting, whose prices follow the fractional Black Scholes model with transaction costs. Both the pricing formula and the fractional partial differential equation for European call currency options are obtained by applying the delta-hedging strategy. Some Greeks and the estimator of volatility are also provided. The empirical studies and the simulation findings show that the fractional Black Scholes with transaction costs is a satisfactory model.
We prove the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing for a discrete time financial market where trading is subject to proportional transaction cost and the asset price dynamic is modeled by a family of probability measures, possibly non-dominated. Using a backward-forward scheme, we show that when the market consists of a money market account and a single stock, no-arbitrage in a quasi-sure sense is equivalent to the existence of a suitable family of consistent price systems. We also show that when the market consists of multiple dynamically traded assets and satisfies \emph{efficient friction}, …
The author presents alternatives to the Black-Scholes european call option pricing model by incorporating different transaction cost structures in the replicating strategy. In particular, an exponentially decreasing structure is proposed and developed.
We propose a new model for electricity pricing based on the price cap principle. The particularity of the model is that the asset price is an exponential functional of a jump Lévy process. This model can capture both mean reversion and jumps which are observed in electricity market. It is shown that the value of an European option of this asset is the unique viscosity solution of a partial integro-differential equation (PIDE). A numerical approximation of this solution by the finite differences method is provided. The consistency, stability and convergence results of the scheme are given. Nume…
We introduce, in continuous time, an axiomatic approach to assign to any financial position a dynamic ask (resp. bid) price process. Taking into account both transaction costs and liquidity risk this leads to the convexity (resp. concavity) of the ask (resp. bid) price. Time consistency is a crucial property for dynamic pricing. Generalizing the result of Jouini and Kallal, we prove that the No Free Lunch condition for a time consistent dynamic pricing procedure (TCPP) is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent probability measure $R$ that transforms a process between the bid process and …
This paper examines the value of a cancellable European option in a finite time horizon setting. The specifications of this generalized European option allow the seller to cancel the option at any point in time for a fixed penalty paid directly to the holder. Here, we provide an explicit valuation formula for the European game call where the early cancellation time is obtained iteratively.
We show that the Adomian decomposition method proposed by Ke et al [ANZIAM J. \textbf{59} (2018) 349] is just the Taylor series approach in disguise. The latter approach is simpler, more straightforward and yields a recurrence relation free from integrals.
A new framework for pricing the European currency option is developed in the case where the spot exchange rate fellows a time-changed fractional Brownian motion. An analytic formula for pricing European foreign currency option is proposed by a mean self-financing delta-hedging argument in a discrete time setting. The minimal price of a currency option under transaction costs is obtained as time-step $Δt=\left(\frac{t^{β-1}}{Γ(β)}\right)^{-1}\left(\frac{2}π\right)^{\frac{1}{2H}}\left(\fracασ\right)^{\frac{1}{H}}$ , which can be used as the actual price of an option. In addition, we also show th…
We propose a general framework of European power option pricing under two different market assumptions about extended Vasicěk interest rate process and exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck asset process with continuous dividend as underlying, in which the Brownian motions involved in Vasicěk interest rate and exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process are time-dependent correlated in equivalent martingale measure probability space or real-world probability space respectively. We first develop European power option pricing in two types of payoffs with martingale method under the market assumption that Va…
We extend the fundamental theorem of asset pricing to a model where the risky stock is subject to proportional transaction costs in the form of bid-ask spreads and the bank account has different interest rates for borrowing and lending. We show that such a model is free of arbitrage if and only if one can embed in it a friction-free model that is itself free of arbitrage, in the sense that there exists an artificial friction-free price for the stock between its bid and ask prices and an artificial interest rate between the borrowing and lending interest rates such that, if one discounts this s…
Under a generalized skew normal distribution we consider the problem of European option pricing. Existence of the martingale measure is proved. An explicit expression for a given European option price is presented in terms of the cumulative distribution function of the univariate skew normal and the bivariate standard normal distributions. Some special cases are investigated in a greater detail. To carry out the sensitivity of the option price to the skew parameters, numerical methods are applied. Some concluding remarks and further works are given. The results obtained are extensions of the r…
In markets with transaction costs, consistent price systems play the same role as martingale measures in frictionless markets. We prove that if a continuous price process has conditional full support, then it admits consistent price systems for arbitrarily small transaction costs. This result applies to a large class of Markovian and non-Markovian models, including geometric fractional Brownian motion. Using the constructed price systems, we show, under very general assumptions, the following ``face-lifting'' result: the asymptotic superreplication price of a European contingent claim $g(S_T)$…
The distribution of the returns for a stock are not well described by a normal probability density function (pdf). Student's t-distributions, which have fat tails, are known to fit the distributions of the returns. We present pricing of European call or put options using a log Student's t-distribution, which we call a Gosset approach in honour of W.S. Gosset, the author behind the nom de plume Student. The approach that we present can be used to price European options using other distributions and yields the Black-Scholes formula for returns described by a normal pdf.
We consider the Black--Scholes model of financial market modified to capture the stochastic nature of volatility observed at real financial markets. For volatility driven by the Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process, we establish the existence of equivalent martingale measure in the market model. The option is priced with respect to the minimal martingale measure for the case of uncorrelated processes of volatility and asset price, and an analytic expression for the price of European call option is derived. We use the inverse Fourier transform of a characteristic function and the Gaussian property of th…
In this paper the valuation problem of a European call option in presence of both stochastic volatility and transaction costs is considered. In the limit of small transaction costs and fast mean reversion, an asymptotic expression for the option price is obtained. While the dominant term in the expansion it is shown to be the classical Black and Scholes solution, the correction terms appear at $O(\varepsilon^{1/2})$ and $O(\varepsilon)$. The optimal hedging strategy is then explicitly obtained for the Scott's model.
In this paper we analyze a nonlinear Black--Scholes model for option pricing under variable transaction costs. The diffusion coefficient of the nonlinear parabolic equation for the price $V$ is assumed to be a function of the underlying asset price and the Gamma of the option. We show that the generalizations of the classical Black--Scholes model can be analyzed by means of transformation of the fully nonlinear parabolic equation into a quasilinear parabolic equation for the second derivative of the option price. We show existence of a classical smooth solution and prove useful bounds on the o…
We study the valuation and hedging problem of European options in a market subject to liquidity shocks. Working within a Markovian regime-switching setting, we model illiquidity as the inability to trade. To isolate the impact of such liquidity constraints, we focus on the case where the market is completely static in the illiquid regime. We then consider derivative pricing using either equivalent martingale measures or exponential indifference mechanisms. Our main results concern the analysis of the semi-linear coupled HJB equation satisfied by the indifference price, as well as its asymptoti…
We consider option pricing using a discrete-time Markov switching stochastic volatility with co-jump model, which can model volatility clustering and varying mean-reversion speeds of volatility. For pricing European options, we develop a computationally efficient method for obtaining the probability distribution of average integrated variance (AIV), which is key to option pricing under stochastic-volatility-type models. Building upon the efficiency of the European option pricing approach, we are able to price an American-style option, by converting its pricing into the pricing of a portfolio o…
Our goal is to analyze the system of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations arising in derivative securities pricing models. The European style of an option price is constructed as a difference of the certainty equivalents to the value functions solving the system of HJB equations. We introduce the transformation method for solving the penalized nonlinear partial differential equation. The transformed equation involves possibly non-constant the risk aversion function containing the negative ratio between the second and first derivatives of the utility function. Using comparison principles we derive…
In this paper, we consider pricing of European options and spread options for Hawkes-based model for the limit order book. We introduce multivariate Hawkes process and the multivariable general compound Hawkes process. Exponential multivariate general compound Hawkes processes and limit theorems for them, namely, LLN and FCLT, are considered then. We also consider a special case of one-dimensional EMGCHP and its limit theorems. Option pricing with $1D$ EGCHP in LOB, hedging strategies, and numerical example are presented. We also introduce greeks calculations for those models. Margrabe's sprea…
We price a contingent claim liability using the utility indifference argument. We consider an agent with exponential utility, who invests in a stock and a money market account with the goal of maximizing the utility of his investment at the final time T in the presence of positive proportional transaction cost in two cases with and without a contingent claim liability. Using the computations from the heuristic argument in Whalley & Wilmott we provide a rigorous derivation of the asymptotic expansion of the value function in powers of the transaction cost parameter around the known value functi…
The paper builds a Variance-Gamma (VG) model with five parameters: location ($μ$), symmetry ($δ$), volatility ($σ$), shape ($α$), and scale ($θ$); and studies its application to the pricing of European options. The results of our analysis show that the five-parameter VG model is a stochastic volatility model with a $Γ(α, θ)$ Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type process; the associated Lévy density of the VG model is a KoBoL family of order $ν=0$, intensity $α$, and steepness parameters $\fracδ{σ^2} - \sqrt{\frac{δ^2}{σ^4}+\frac{2}{θσ^2}}$ and $\fracδ{σ^2}+ \sqrt{\frac{δ^2}{σ^4}+\frac{2}{θσ^2}}$; and the VG…
This paper studies arbitrage pricing theory in financial markets with implicit transaction costs. We extend the existing theory to include the more realistic possibility that the price at which the investors trade is dependent on the traded volume. The investors in the market always buy at the ask and sell at the bid price. Implicit transaction costs are composed of two terms, one is able to capture the bid-ask spread, and the second the price impact. Moreover, a new definition of a self-financing portfolio is obtained. The self-financing condition suggests that continuous trading is possible,…
We formalize in the proof assistant Isabelle essential basic notions and results in financial mathematics. We provide generic formal definitions of concepts such as markets, portfolios, derivative products, arbitrages or fair prices, and we show that, under the usual no-arbitrage condition, the existence of a replicating portfolio for a derivative implies that the latter admits a unique fair price. Then, we provide a formalization of the Cox-Rubinstein model and we show that the market is complete in this model, i.e., that every derivative product admits a replicating portfolio. This entails t…
We present an approach for pricing European call options in presence of proportional transaction costs, when the stock price follows a general exponential Lévy process. The model is a generalization of the celebrated work of Davis, Panas and Zariphopoulou (1993), where the value of the option is defined as the utility indifference price. This approach requires the solution of two stochastic singular control problems in finite horizon, satisfying the same Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, with different terminal conditions. We introduce a general formulation for these portfolio selection proble…
In this paper, we show that the price of an European call option, whose underlying asset price is driven by the space-time fractional diffusion, can be expressed in terms of rapidly convergent double-series. The series formula can be obtained from the Mellin-Barnes representation of the option price with help of residue summation in $\mathbb{C}^2$. We also derive the series representation for the associated risk-neutral factors, obtained by Esscher transform of the space-time fractional Green functions.
This paper investigates the pricing of European-style lookback options when the price dynamics of the underlying risky asset are assumed to follow a Markov-modulated Geo-metric Brownian motion; that is, the appreciation rate and the volatility of the underlying risky asset depend on unobservable states of the economy described by a continuous-time hidden Markov chain process. We derive an exact, explicit and closed-form solution for European-style lookback options in a two-state regime switching model.
In this article, we present an approach which allows to take into account the effect of extreme values in the modeling of financial asset returns and in the valorisation of associeted options. Specifically, the marginal distribution of assets returns is modeled by a mixture of two gaussiens distributions. Moreover, we model the joint dependence structure of the returns using an extremal copula which is suitable for our financial data. Applications are made on the Atos and Dassault Systems actions of the CAC40 index. Monte-Carlo method is used to compute the values of some equity options: the c…
We consider indifference pricing of contingent claims consisting of payment flows in a discrete time model with proportional transaction costs and under exponential disutility. This setting covers utility maximisation as a special case. A dual representation is obtained for the associated disutility minimisation problem, together with a dynamic procedure for solving it. This leads to efficient and convergent numerical procedures for indifference pricing, optimal trading strategies and shadow prices that apply to a wide range of payoffs, a large range of time steps and all magnitudes of transac…
This paper studies the pricing of European-style Asian options when the price dynamics of the underlying risky asset are assumed to follow a Markov- modulated geometric Brownian motion; that is, the appreciation rate and the volatility of the underlying risky asset depend on unobservable states of the economy described by a continuous-time hidden Markov process. We derive the exact, explicit and closed-form solutions for European-style Asian options in a two-state regime switching model.
We consider a portfolio with call option and the corresponding underlying asset under the standard assumption that stock-market price represents a random variable with lognormal distribution. Minimizing the variance (hedging risk) of the portfolio on the date of maturity of the call option we find a fraction of the asset per unit call option. As a direct consequence we derive the statistically fair lookback call option price in explicit form. In contrast to the famous Black-Scholes theory, any portfolio can not be regarded as risk-free because no additional transactions are supposed to be cond…
In this paper analytic formulas for electricity derivatives are calculated. To this end, we assume that electricity spot prices follow a 3-regime Markov regime-switching model with independent spikes and drops and periodic transition matrix. Since the classical derivatives pricing methodology cannot be used in case of non-storable commodities, we employ the concept of the risk premium. The obtained theoretical results are then used for the European Energy Exchange (EEX) market data. The 3-regime model is calibrated to the spot electricity prices. Next, the risk premium is derived and used to c…
The target of this paper is to consider model the risky asset price on the financial market under the Knightian uncertainty, and pricing the ask and bid prices of the uncertain risk. We use the nonlinear analysis tool, i.e., G-frame work [26], to construct the model of the risky asset price and bid-ask pricing for the European contingent claims under Knightian uncertain financial market. Firstly, we consider the basic risky asset price model on the uncertain financial market, which we construct here is the model with drift uncertain and volatility uncertain. We describe such model by using gen…
This paper considers the asset price p as relations C=pV between the value C and the volume V of the executed transactions and studies the consequences of this definition for the option pricing equations. We show that the classical BSM model implicitly assumes that value C and volume V of transactions follow identical Brownian processes. Violation of this identity leads to 2-dimensional BSM-like equation with two constant volatilities. We show that agents expectations those approve execution of transactions can further increase the dimension of the BSM model. We study the case when agents expe…
A statistical decision problem is hidden in the core of option pricing. A simple form for the price C of a European call option is obtained via the minimum Bayes risk, R_B, of a 2-parameter estimation problem, thus justifying calling C Bayes (B-)price. The result provides new insight in option pricing, among others obtaining C for some stock-price models using the underlying probability instead of the risk neutral probability and giving R_B an economic interpretation. When logarithmic stock prices follow Brownian motion, discrete normal mixture and hyperbolic Levy motion the obtained B-prices …
The pricing and hedging of a general class of options (including American, Bermudan and European options) on multiple assets are studied in the context of currency markets where trading is subject to proportional transaction costs, and where the existence of a risk-free numéraire is not assumed. Constructions leading to algorithms for computing the prices, optimal hedging strategies and stopping times are presented for both long and short option positions in this setting, together with probabilistic (martingale) representations for the option prices.
In this paper, we price American-style Parisian down-and-in call options under the Black-Scholes framework. Usually, pricing an American-style option is much more difficult than pricing its European-style counterpart because of the appearance of the optimal exercise boundary in the former. Fortunately, the optimal exercise boundary associated with an American-style Parisian knock-in option only appears implicitly in its pricing partial differential equation (PDE) systems, instead of explicitly as in the case of an American-style Parisian knock-out option. We also recognize that the "moving win…
The presence of discrete dividends complicates the derivation and form of pricing formulas even for vanilla options. Existing analytic, numerical, and theoretical approximations provide results of varying quality and performance. Here, we compare the analytic approach, developed and effective for European puts and calls, of Buryak and Guo with the formulas, designed in the context of barrier option pricing, of Dai and Chiu.
The present article studies geometric step options in exponential Lévy markets. Our contribution is manifold and extends several aspects of the geometric step option pricing literature. First, we provide symmetry and parity relations and derive various characterizations for both European-type and American-type geometric double barrier step options. In particular, we are able to obtain a jump-diffusion disentanglement for the early exercise premium of American-type geometric double barrier step contracts and its maturity-randomized equivalent as well as to characterize the diffusion and jump co…
Closed form option pricing formulae explaining skew and smile are obtained within a parsimonious non-Gaussian framework. We extend the non-Gaussian option pricing model of L. Borland (Quantitative Finance, {\bf 2}, 415-431, 2002) to include volatility-stock correlations consistent with the leverage effect. A generalized Black-Scholes partial differential equation for this model is obtained, together with closed-form approximate solutions for the fair price of a European call option. In certain limits, the standard Black-Scholes model is recovered, as is the Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV…
This paper presents the solution to a European option pricing problem by considering a regime-switching jump diffusion model of the underlying financial asset price dynamics. The regimes are assumed to be the results of an observed pure jump process, driving the values of interest rate and volatility coefficient. The pure jump process is assumed to be a semi-Markov process on finite state space. This consideration helps to incorporate a specific type of memory influence in the asset price. Under this model assumption, the locally risk minimizing price of the European type path-independent opti…
We investigate the relation between the fair price for European-style vanilla options and the distribution of short-term returns on the underlying asset ignoring transaction and other costs. We compute the risk-neutral probability density conditional on the total variance of the asset's returns when the option expires. If the asset's future price has finite expectation, the option's fair value satisfies a parabolic partial differential equation of the Black-Scholes type in which the variance of the asset's returns rather than a trading time is the evolution parameter. By immunizing the portfol…
We consider fractional Black-Scholes market with proportional transaction costs. When transaction costs are present, one trades periodically i.e. we have the discrete trading with equidistance $n^{-1}$ between trading times. We derive a non trivial hedging error for a class of European options with convex payoff in the case when the transaction costs coefficients decrease as $n^{-(1-H)}$. We study the expected hedging error and asymptotic behavior of the hedge as $H \to 1/2$
This work addresses the problem of optimal pricing and hedging of a European option on an illiquid asset Z using two proxies: a liquid asset S and a liquid European option on another liquid asset Y. We assume that the S-hedge is dynamic while the Y-hedge is static. Using the indifference pricing approach we derive a HJB equation for the value function, and solve it analytically (in quadratures) using an asymptotic expansion around the limit of the perfect correlation between assets Y and Z. While in this paper we apply our framework to an incomplete market version of the credit-equity Merton's…
We consider conditional-mean hedging in a fractional Black-Scholes pricing model in the presence of proportional transaction costs. We develop an explicit formula for the conditional-mean hedging portfolio in terms of the recently discovered explicit conditional law of the fractional Brownian motion.
We propose a general framework for the simultaneous modeling of equity, government bonds, corporate bonds and derivatives. Uncertainty is generated by a general affine Markov process. The setting allows for stochastic volatility, jumps, the possibility of default and correlation between different assets. We show how to calculate discounted complex moments by solving a coupled system of generalized Riccati equations. This yields an efficient method to compute prices of power payoffs. European calls and puts as well as binaries and asset-or-nothing options can be priced with the fast Fourier tra…
