This work studies the statistical properties of the maximum penalized likelihood approach in a semi-parametric framework. We recall the penalized likelihood approach for estimating a function and review some asymptotic results. We investigate the properties of two estimators of the variance of maximum penalized likelihood estimators: sandwich estimator and a Bayesian estimator. The coverage rates of confidence intervals based on these estimators are studied through a simulation study of survival data. In a first simulation the coverage rates for the survival function and the hazard function are evaluated. In a second simulation data are generated from a proportional hazard model with covariates. The estimators of the variances of the regression coefficients are studied. As for the survival and hazard functions, both sandwich and Bayesian estimators exhibit relatively good properties, but the Bayesian estimator seems to be more accurate. As for the regression coefficients, we focussed on the Bayesian estimator and found that it yielded good coverage rates.
A class of variable selection procedures for parametric models via nonconcave penalized likelihood was proposed by Fan and Li to simultaneously estimate parameters and select important variables. They demonstrated that this class of procedures has an oracle property when the number of parameters is finite. However, in most model selection problems the number of parameters should be large and grow with the sample size. In this paper some asymptotic properties of the nonconcave penalized likelihood are established for situations in which the number of parameters tends to \infty as the sample siz…
We extend the correspondence between two-stage coding procedures in data compression and penalized likelihood procedures in statistical estimation. Traditionally, this had required restriction to countable parameter spaces. We show how to extend this correspondence in the uncountable parameter case. Leveraging the description length interpretations of penalized likelihood procedures we devise new techniques to derive adaptive risk bounds of such procedures. We show that the existence of certain countable coverings of the parameter space implies adaptive risk bounds and thus our theory is quite…
This paper develops a general theory on rates of convergence of penalized spline estimators for function estimation when the likelihood functional is concave in candidate functions, where the likelihood is interpreted in a broad sense that includes conditional likelihood, quasi-likelihood, and pseudo-likelihood. The theory allows all feasible combinations of the spline degree, the penalty order, and the smoothness of the unknown functions. According to this theory, the asymptotic behaviors of the penalized spline estimators depends on interplay between the spline knot number and the penalty pa…
In this technical report, we consider conditional density estimation with a maximum likelihood approach. Under weak assumptions, we obtain a theoretical bound for a Kullback-Leibler type loss for a single model maximum likelihood estimate. We use a penalized model selection technique to select a best model within a collection. We give a general condition on penalty choice that leads to oracle type inequality for the resulting estimate. This construction is applied to two examples of partition-based conditional density models, models in which the conditional density depends only in a piecewise …
This paper formulates a penalized empirical likelihood (PEL) method for inference on the population mean when the dimension of the observations may grow faster than the sample size. Asymptotic distributions of the PEL ratio statistic is derived under different component-wise dependence structures of the observations, namely, (i) non-Ergodic, (ii) long-range dependence and (iii) short-range dependence. It follows that the limit distribution of the proposed PEL ratio statistic can vary widely depending on the correlation structure, and it is typically different from the usual chi-squared limit o…
We consider partly linear transformation models applied to current status data. The unknown quantities are the transformation function, a linear regression parameter and a nonparametric regression effect. It is shown that the penalized MLE for the regression parameter is asymptotically normal and efficient and converges at the parametric rate, although the penalized MLE for the transformation function and nonparametric regression effect are only $n^{1/3}$ consistent. Inference for the regression parameter based on a block jackknife is investigated. We also study computational issues and demons…
We consider the problem of regularized maximum likelihood estimation for the structure and parameters of a high-dimensional, sparse directed acyclic graphical (DAG) model with Gaussian distribution, or equivalently, of a Gaussian structural equation model. We show that the $\ell_0$-penalized maximum likelihood estimator of a DAG has about the same number of edges as the minimal-edge I-MAP (a DAG with minimal number of edges representing the distribution), and that it converges in Frobenius norm. We allow the number of nodes p to be much larger than sample size n but assume a sparsity condition…
The purpose of this article is to develop a general parametric estimation theory that allows the derivation of the limit distribution of estimators in non-regular models where the true parameter value may lie on the boundary of the parameter space or where even identifiability fails. For that, we propose a more general local approximation of the parameter space (at the true value) than previous studies. This estimation theory is comprehensive in that it can handle penalized estimation as well as quasi-maximum likelihood estimation under such non-regular models. Besides, our results can apply t…
We consider the problem of selecting covariates in spatial linear models with Gaussian process errors. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation (PMLE) that enables simultaneous variable selection and parameter estimation is developed and, for ease of computation, PMLE is approximated by one-step sparse estimation (OSE). To further improve computational efficiency, particularly with large sample sizes, we propose penalized maximum covariance-tapered likelihood estimation (PMLE$_{\mathrm{T}}$) and its one-step sparse estimation (OSE$_{\mathrm{T}}$). General forms of penalty functions with an emph…
Inference based on the penalized density ratio model is proposed and studied. The model under consideration is specified by assuming that the log--likelihood function of two unknown densities is of some parametric form. The model has been extended to cover multiple samples problems while its theoretical properties have been investigated using large sample theory. A main application of the density ratio model is testing whether two, or more, distributions are equal. We extend these results by arguing that the penalized maximum empirical likelihood estimator has less mean square error than that …
This paper discusses asymptotic theory for penalized spline estimators in generalized additive models. The purpose of this paper is to establish the asymptotic bias and variance as well as the asymptotic normality of the penalized spline estimators proposed by Marx and Eilers (1998). Furthermore, the asymptotics for the penalized quasi likelihood fit in mixed models are also discussed.
A generalized linear point process is specified in terms of an intensity that depends upon a linear predictor process through a fixed non-linear function. We present a framework where the linear predictor is parametrized by a Banach space and give results on Gateaux differentiability of the log-likelihood. Of particular interest is when the intensity is expressed in terms of a linear filter parametrized by a Sobolev space. Using that the Sobolev spaces are reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces we derive results on the representation of the penalized maximum likelihood estimator in a special case a…
In finite mixtures of location-scale distributions, if there is no constraint or penalty on the parameters, then the maximum likelihood estimator does not exist because the likelihood is unbounded. To avoid this problem, we consider a penalized likelihood, where the penalty is a function of the minimum of the ratios of the scale parameters and the sample size. It is shown that the penalized maximum likelihood estimator is strongly consistent. We also analyze the consistency of a penalized maximum likelihood estimator where the penalty is imposed on the scale parameters themselves.
This work is concern with testing the low-dimensional parameters of interest with divergent dimensional data and variable selection for the rest under the sparse case. A consistent test via the partial penalized likelihood approach, called the partial penalized likelihood ratio test statistic is derived, and its asymptotic distributions under the null hypothesis and the local alternatives of order $n^{-1/2}$ are obtained under some regularity conditions. Meanwhile, the oracle property of the partial penalized likelihood estimator also holds. The proposed partial penalized likelihood ratio test…
Multivariate normal mixtures provide a flexible model for high-dimensional data. They are widely used in statistical genetics, statistical finance, and other disciplines. Due to the unboundedness of the likelihood function, classical likelihood-based methods, which may have nice practical properties, are inconsistent. In this paper, we recommend a penalized likelihood method for estimating the mixing distribution. We show that the maximum penalized likelihood estimator is strongly consistent when the number of components has a known upper bound. We also explore a convenient EM-algorithm for co…
Confidence intervals based on penalized maximum likelihood estimators such as the LASSO, adaptive LASSO, and hard-thresholding are analyzed. In the known-variance case, the finite-sample coverage properties of such intervals are determined and it is shown that symmetric intervals are the shortest. The length of the shortest intervals based on the hard-thresholding estimator is larger than the length of the shortest interval based on the adaptive LASSO, which is larger than the length of the shortest interval based on the LASSO, which in turn is larger than the standard interval based on the ma…
The von Mises-Fisher distribution is one of the most widely used probability distributions to describe directional data. Finite mixtures of von Mises-Fisher distributions have found numerous applications. However, the likelihood function for the finite mixture of von Mises-Fisher distributions is unbounded and consequently the maximum likelihood estimation is not well defined. To address the problem of likelihood degeneracy, we consider a penalized maximum likelihood approach whereby a penalty function is incorporated. We prove strong consistency of the resulting estimator. An Expectation-Maxi…
Skew normal mixture models provide a more flexible framework than the popular normal mixtures for modelling heterogeneous data with asymmetric behaviors. Due to the unboundedness of likelihood function and the divergency of shape parameters, the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of interest are often not well defined, leading to dissatisfactory inferential process. We put forward a proposal to deal with these issues simultaneously in the context of penalizing the likelihood function. The resulting penalized maximum likelihood estimator is proved to be strongly consistent when the…
This paper extends some prominent statistical results including \emph{Fisher Theorem and Wilks phenomenon} to the penalized maximum likelihood estimation with a quadratic penalization. It appears that sharp expansions for the penalized MLE \(\tilde{\thetav}_{G} \) and for the penalized maximum likelihood can be obtained without involving any asymptotic arguments, the results only rely on smoothness and regularity properties of the of the considered log-likelihood function. The error of estimation is specified in terms of the effective dimension \(p_G \) of the parameter set which can be much s…
We present a new method for post-selection inference for L1 (lasso)-penalized likelihood models, including generalized regression models. Our approach generalizes the post-selection framework presented in Lee et al (2014). The method provides p-values and confidence intervals that are asymptotically valid, conditional on the inherent selection done by the lasso. We present applications of this work to (regularized) logistic regression, Cox's proportional hazards model and the graphical lasso.
Penalized likelihood models are widely used to simultaneously select variables and estimate model parameters. However, the existence of weak signals can lead to inaccurate variable selection, biased parameter estimation, and invalid inference. Thus, identifying weak signals accurately and making valid inferences are crucial in penalized likelihood models. We develop a unified approach to identify weak signals and make inferences in penalized likelihood models, including the special case when the responses are categorical. To identify weak signals, we use the estimated selection probability of …
Penalization of the likelihood by Jeffreys' invariant prior, or by a positive power thereof, is shown to produce finite-valued maximum penalized likelihood estimates in a broad class of binomial generalized linear models. The class of models includes logistic regression, where the Jeffreys-prior penalty is known additionally to reduce the asymptotic bias of the maximum likelihood estimator; and also models with other commonly used link functions such as probit and log-log. Shrinkage towards equiprobability across observations, relative to the maximum likelihood estimator, is established theore…
We study the distributions of the LASSO, SCAD, and thresholding estimators, in finite samples and in the large-sample limit. The asymptotic distributions are derived for both the case where the estimators are tuned to perform consistent model selection and for the case where the estimators are tuned to perform conservative model selection. Our findings complement those of Knight and Fu (2000) and Fan and Li (2001). We show that the distributions are typically highly nonnormal regardless of how the estimator is tuned, and that this property persists in large samples. The uniform convergence rat…
We propose a new method, semi-penalized inference with direct false discovery rate control (SPIDR), for variable selection and confidence interval construction in high-dimensional linear regression. SPIDR first uses a semi-penalized approach to constructing estimators of the regression coefficients. We show that the SPIDR estimator is ideal in the sense that it equals an ideal least squares estimator with high probability under a sparsity and other suitable conditions. Consequently, the SPIDR estimator is asymptotically normal. Based on this distributional result, SPIDR determines the selectio…
Maximum likelihood estimation in logistic regression with mixed effects is known to often result in estimates on the boundary of the parameter space. Such estimates, which include infinite values for fixed effects and singular or infinite variance components, can cause havoc to numerical estimation procedures and inference. We introduce an appropriately scaled additive penalty to the log-likelihood function, or an approximation thereof, which penalizes the fixed effects by the Jeffreys' invariant prior for the model with no random effects and the variance components by a composition of negativ…
We deal with the estimation of the regime number in a linear Gaussian autoregressive process with a Markov regime (AR-MR). The problem of estimating the number of regimes in this type of series is that of determining the number of states in the hidden Markov chain controlling the process. We propose a method based on penalized maximum likelihood estimation and establish its strong consistency (almost sure) without assuming previous bounds on the number of states.
Analyzing multi-layered graphical models provides insight into understanding the conditional relationships among nodes within layers after adjusting for and quantifying the effects of nodes from other layers. We obtain the penalized maximum likelihood estimator for Gaussian multi-layered graphical models, based on a computational approach involving screening of variables, iterative estimation of the directed edges between layers and undirected edges within layers and a final refitting and stability selection step that provides improved performance in finite sample settings. We establish the co…
Common TF-IDF variants arise as key components in the test statistic of a penalized likelihood-ratio test for word burstiness
School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island（爱德华王子岛大学数学与计算科学学院）；Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island（爱德华王子岛大学加拿大气候变化与适应中心）；Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island（爱德华王子岛大学可持续设计工程学院）
Penalized likelihood inference for beta-binomial meta-analysis of proportions of rare events
The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies（高级研究研究生院，高级研究院）；Department of Interdisciplinary Statistical Mathematics, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics（统计数学系，统计数学研究所）
The popularity of penalized regression in high-dimensional data analysis has led to a demand for new inferential tools for these models. False discovery rate control is widely used in high-dimensional hypothesis testing, but has only recently been considered in the context of penalized regression. Almost all of this work, however, has focused on lasso-penalized linear regression. In this paper, we derive a general method for controlling the marginal false discovery rate that can be applied to any penalized likelihood-based model, such as logistic regression and Cox regression. Our approach is …
It has been shown that AIC-type criteria are asymptotically efficient selectors of the tuning parameter in non-concave penalized regression methods under the assumption that the population variance is known or that a consistent estimator is available. We relax this assumption to prove that AIC itself is asymptotically efficient and we study its performance in finite samples. In classical regression, it is known that AIC tends to select overly complex models when the dimension of the maximum candidate model is large relative to the sample size. Simulation studies suggest that AIC suffers from t…
Nonparametric Density Estimation for Data Scattered on Irregular Spatial Domains: A Likelihood-Based Approach Using Bivariate Penalized Spline Smoothing
We derive asymptotic properties of penalized estimators for singular models for which identifiability may break and the true parameter values can lie on the boundary of the parameter space. Selection consistency of the estimators is also validated. The problem that the true values lie on the boundary is dealt with by our previous results that are applicable to singular models, besides, penalized estimation and non-ergodic statistics. In order to overcome non-identifiability, we consider a suitable penalty such as the non-convex Bridge and the adaptive Lasso that stabilizes the asymptotic behav…
In this paper, we mainly focus on the penalized maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the high-dimensional approximate factor model. Since the current estimation procedure can not guarantee the positive definiteness of the error covariance matrix, by reformulating the estimation of error covariance matrix and based on the lagrangian duality, we propose an accelerated proximal gradient (APG) algorithm to give a positive definite estimate of the error covariance matrix. Combined the APG algorithm with EM method, a new estimation procedure is proposed to estimate the high-dimensional approximate…
We study the convergence properties, in Hellinger and related distances, of nonparametric density estimators based on measure transport. These estimators represent the measure of interest as the pushforward of a chosen reference distribution under a transport map, where the map is chosen via a maximum likelihood objective (equivalently, minimizing an empirical Kullback-Leibler loss) or a penalized version thereof. We establish concentration inequalities for a general class of penalized measure transport estimators, by combining techniques from M-estimation with analytical properties of the tra…
Non-parametric maximum likelihood estimation encompasses a group of classic methods to estimate distribution-associated functions from potentially censored and truncated data, with extensive applications in survival analysis. These methods, including the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Turnbull's method, often result in overfitting, especially when the sample size is small. We propose an improvement to these methods by applying kernel smoothing to their raw estimates, based on a BIC-type loss function that balances the trade-off between optimizing model fit and controlling model complexity. In the …
We give an overview of statistical models and likelihood, together with two of its variants: penalized and hierarchical likelihood. The Kullback-Leibler divergence is referred to repeatedly, for defining the misspecification risk of a model, for grounding the likelihood and the likelihood crossvalidation which can be used for choosing weights in penalized likelihood. Families of penalized likelihood and sieves estimators are shown to be equivalent. The similarity of these likelihood with a posteriori distributions in a Bayesian approach is considered.
We consider model selection in generalized linear models (GLM) for high-dimensional data and propose a wide class of model selection criteria based on penalized maximum likelihood with a complexity penalty on the model size. We derive a general nonasymptotic upper bound for the expected Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true distribution of the data and that generated by a selected model, and establish the corresponding minimax lower bounds for sparse GLM. For the properly chosen (nonlinear) penalty, the resulting penalized maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be asymptotically minim…
We consider a heteroscedastic regression model in which some of the regression coefficients are zero but it is not known which ones. Penalized quantile regression is a useful approach for analyzing such data. By allowing different covariates to be relevant for modeling conditional quantile functions at different quantile levels, it provides a more complete picture of the conditional distribution of a response variable than mean regression. Existing work on penalized quantile regression has been mostly focused on point estimation. Although bootstrap procedures have recently been shown to be eff…
We propose a sparse coefficient estimation and automated model selection procedure for autoregressive (AR) processes with heavy-tailed innovations based on penalized conditional maximum likelihood. Under mild moment conditions on the innovation processes, the penalized conditional maximum likelihood estimator (PCMLE) satisfies a strong consistency, $O_P(N^{-1/2})$ consistency, and the oracle properties, where N is the sample size. We have the freedom in choosing penalty functions based on the weak conditions on them. Two penalty functions, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO…
Weak signal identification and inference are very important in the area of penalized model selection, yet they are under-developed and not well-studied. Existing inference procedures for penalized estimators are mainly focused on strong signals. In this paper, we propose an identification procedure for weak signals in finite samples, and pro- vide a transition phase in-between noise and strong signal strengths. We also introduce a new two-step inferential method to construct better confidence intervals for the identified weak signals. Our theory development assumes that variables are orthogona…
We revisit the classical problem of deriving convergence rates for the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) in finite mixture models. The Wasserstein distance has become a standard loss function for the analysis of parameter estimation in these models, due in part to its ability to circumvent label switching and to accurately characterize the behaviour of fitted mixture components with vanishing weights. However, the Wasserstein distance is only able to capture the worst-case convergence rate among the remaining fitted mixture components. We demonstrate that when the log-likelihood function is p…
