Discovery of Carbon Radio Recombination Lines in absorption towards Cygnus~A
J. B. R. Oonk, R. J. van Weeren, F. Salgado, L. K. Morabito, A. G. G. M. Tielens, H. J. A. Rottgering, A. Asgekar, G. J. White, A. Alexov, J. Anderson, I. M. Av… 展开作者
J. B. R. Oonk, R. J. van Weeren, F. Salgado, L. K. Morabito, A. G. G. M. Tielens, H. J. A. Rottgering, A. Asgekar, G. J. White, A. Alexov, J. Anderson, I. M. Avruch, F. Batejat, R. Beck, M. E. Bell, I. van Bemmel, M. J. Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. Best, A. Bonafede, F. Breitling, M. Brentjens, J. Broderick, M. Brueggen, H. R. Butcher, B. Ciardi, J. E. Conway, A. Corstanje, F. de Gasperin, E. de Geus, M. de Vos, S. Duscha, J. Eisloeffel, D. Engels, J. van Enst, H. Falcke, R. A. Fallows, R. Fender, C. Ferrari, W. Frieswijk, M. A. Garrett, J. Griessmeier, J. P. Hamaker, T. E. Hassall, G. Heald, J. W. T. Hessels, M. Hoeft, A. Horneffer, A. van der Horst, M. Iacobelli, N. J. Jackson, E. Juette, A. Karastergiou, W. Klijn, J. Kohler, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Kramer, M. Kuniyoshi, G. Kuper, J. van Leeuwen, P. Maat, G. Macario, G. Mann, S. Markoff, J. P. McKean, M. Mevius, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, J. D. Mol, D. D. Mulcahy, H. Munk, M. J. Norden, E. Orru, H. Paas, M. Pandey-Pommier, V. N. Pandey, R. Pizzo, A. G. Polatidis, W. Reich, A. M. M. Scaife, A. Schoenmakers, D. Schwarz, A. Shulevski, J. Sluman, O. Smirnov, C. Sobey, B. W. Stappers, M. Steinmetz, J. Swinbank, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, C. Tasse, S. ter Veen, S. Thoudam, C. Toribio, R. van Nieuwpoort, R. Vermeulen, C. Vocks, C. Vogt, R. A. M. J. Wijers, M. W. Wise, O. Wucknitz, S. Yatawatta, P. Zarka, A. Zensus
我们首次探测到天鹅座A沿视线方向的碳放射性复合线吸收。观测是用低频阵列在33至57兆赫范围内进行的。这些低频射电观测为我们研究银河系中弥漫的中性气体提供了新的视角。据我们所知,这是第一次在明亮的河外背景源上观察到前景银河系复合线吸收。通过在观察到的频率范围内堆叠48条碳$α$线,我们检测到碳吸收,其信噪比约为5。平均碳吸收具有2 $\times$ 10 $^{-4}$的峰值光学深度,10 km s $^{-1}$的线宽和相对于当地静止标准的+4 km s $^{-1}$的速度。发现伴生气体的电子温度为$T_{e}\sim$ 110 K,密度为$n_{e}\sim$ 0.06 cm $^{-3}$ .这些性质意味着观测到的碳$α$吸收可能出现在银河系猎户座臂的冷中性介质中。对于4 km/s的$^{-1}$通道宽度,氢和氦谱线未检测到3 $σ$峰值光学深度极限为1.5 $\times$ 10 $^{-4}$。还搜索了与天鹅座A本身相关的无线电重组系,但没有检测到。我们设置一个3 $σ$上限为1.5 $\times$ 10 $^{-4}$的峰值光学深度的这些线为4公里秒的$^{-1}$通道宽度。
英文摘要:
We present the first detection of carbon radio recombination line absorption along the line of sight to Cygnus A. The observations were carried out with the LOw Frequency ARray in the 33 to 57 MHz range. These low frequency radio observations provide us with a new line of sight to study the diffuse, neutral gas in our Galaxy. To our knowledge this is the first time that foreground Milky Way recombination line absorption has been observed against a bright extragalactic background source.
By stacking 48 carbon $α$ lines in the observed frequency range we detect carbon absorption with a signal-to-noise ratio of about 5. The average carbon absorption has a peak optical depth of 2$\times$10$^{-4}$, a line width of 10 km s$^{-1}$ and a velocity of +4 km s$^{-1}$ with respect to the local standard of rest. The associated gas is found to have an electron temperature $T_{e}\sim$ 110 K and density $n_{e}\sim$ 0.06 cm$^{-3}$. These properties imply that the observed carbon $α$ absorption likely arises in the cold neutral medium of the Orion arm of the Milky Way. Hydrogen and helium lines were not detected to a 3$σ$ peak optical depth limit of 1.5$\times$10$^{-4}$ for a 4 km s$^{-1}$ channel width.
Radio recombination lines associated with Cygnus A itself were also searched for, but are not detected. We set a 3$σ$ upper limit of 1.5$\times$10$^{-4}$ for the peak optical depth of these lines for a 4 km s$^{-1}$ channel width.
Cool dark gas in Cygnus X: The first large-scale mapping of low-frequency carbon recombination lines
West Virginia University(西弗吉尼亚大学);University of Central Florida(中佛罗里达大学);USRA, NASA Ames Research Center(美国大学空间研究协会,NASA艾姆斯研究中心);University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Westminster College(威斯敏斯特学院);University of Cincinnati(辛辛那提大学);Lady Doak College(Lady Doak学院);Leiden University(莱顿大学);The Open University(开放大学);STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory(英国科学与技术设施委员会拉瑟福德阿普尔顿实验室)
Carbon and hydrogen radio recombination lines from the cold clouds towards Cassiopeia A
我们使用低频阵列对仙后座A视线方向上的低频33-78 MHz频谱进行系统的高光谱分辨率调查。我们补充说,这与304-386兆赫韦斯特博克综合射电望远镜观测。在这第一篇论文中,我们专注于碳放射性复合线。我们探测到Cn $α$线在-47和-38公里秒$^{-1}$在吸收量子数n=438-584和在发射n=257-278与高信噪比。这些线与英仙座旋臂部分的冷云有关。在n=257-278的发射中检测到Hn条$α$线。此外,我们还探测到了与猎户臂相关的0 km s $^{-1}$处的Cn $α$谱线,并分析了这些跃迁的光学深度和谱线宽度。我们的模型表明,在英仙座臂的碳线组件是最好的拟合与电子温度85 K和电子密度0.04 cm $^{-3}$,可以限制在15\%。电子压力被限制在20%以内。我们认为,这些碳无线电复合线出现在CO-暗的分子云的表面层,其中大部分的碳离子化,但氢已从原子到分子的过渡。氢谱线显然与碳谱线发射云有关,但低频上限表明它们可能不是同一种气体。结合氢和碳的结果,我们得出了宇宙射线电离率的一个确定下限,即2.5 $\times$ 10 $^{-18}$ s $^{-1}$,但实际值可能要大得多。
CHAOS V: Recombination Line Carbon Abundances in M101
CHAOS项目正在建立附近旋涡星系LBT H II区光谱的大型数据库,以使用直接丰度更好地确定金属丰度随星系半径变化的分散度。在这里,我们提出了混沌LBT观测的C II $λ$ 4267发射检测在10 H II地区的M 101,并使用一个新的光电离模型为基础的电离校正因子,我们将这些测量到总碳丰度。与文献中M101 C II复合线观测结果的比较显示出极好的一致性,我们测量到一个相对陡峭的log(C/H)梯度为-0.37 +/-0.06 dex/R_e。C/N观测结果与log(C/N)= 0.84的恒定值一致,离散度仅为0.09 dex,考虑到C和N的不同核合成来源,理解这一点具有挑战性。我们还注意到,当绘制N/O与O/H的关系图时,所有检测到CII $λ$ 4267的H II区域在O/H的给定值下,N/O的散射最小时呈现N/O丰度。如果探测微弱复合线所需的高表面亮度被解释为H II区年轻的指标,那么这可能表明最年轻的H II区缺乏氮污染。在未来,我们预计混沌项目将显着增加在河外H II地区的C II $λ$ 4267测量的总数。
Multiline observations of hydrogen, helium, and carbon radio-recombination lines toward Orion A: A detailed dynamical study and direct determination of physical conditions
Low-Frequency Recombination Lines from Galaxies and AGN over Cosmic Time
Ioffe Institute(约费研究所);Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne University, University Paris Cité(巴黎高等师范学院物理实验室,ENS,巴黎文理研究大学,法国国家科学研究中心,索邦大学,巴黎西岱大学);Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics(大学天文学与天体物理学中心);Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory(查尔姆斯理工大学,翁萨拉太空观测站);Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney(悉尼天文研究所,A28物理学院,悉尼大学);University of Maryland(马里兰大学);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学)