恒星的核能和引力能
Nuclear and gravitational energies in stars
摘要：
支配恒星演化的力是引力。事实上，这种力驱动恒星的形成，在流体静力平衡下将热量和密度梯度强加给恒星，并最终在它们演化的最后阶段发挥关键作用。恒星中的核能决定了它们的寿命，当然也决定了恒星的核合成。核反应是宇宙中重子物质组成变化的核心。这种组成的变化反过来又对恒星和星系的演化产生了深远的影响。从引力，分别核水库在不同质量的恒星的生命周期中提取的能量进行了估计。结果表明，中低质量恒星（M <8Msol）从核库中提取的能量大约是从引力库中提取的90倍，而大质量恒星（M > 8Msol）在超新星爆炸中从引力库中提取的能量是从核库中提取的5倍以上。最后，我们讨论了几个重要的核反应和他们的联系，专题天体物理问题。
英文摘要：
The force that governs the evolution of stars is gravity. Indeed this force drives star formation, imposes thermal and density gradients into stars at hydrostatic equilibrium and finally plays the key role in the last phases of their evolution. Nuclear power in stars governs their lifetimes and of course the stellar nucleosynthesis. The nuclear reactions are at the heart of the changes of composition of the baryonic matter in the Universe. This change of composition, in its turn, has profound consequences on the evolution of stars and galaxies. The energy extracted from the gravitational, respectively nuclear reservoirs during the lifetimes of stars of different masses are estimated. It is shown that low and intermediate mass stars (M < 8 Msol) extract roughly 90 times more energy from their nuclear reservoir than from their gravitational one, while massive stars (M > 8 Msol), which explode in a supernova explosion, extract more than 5 times more energy from the gravitational reservoir than from the nuclear one. We conclude by discussing a few important nuclear reactions and their link to topical astrophysical questions.
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