化学发动机最大功率时的效率
Efficiency at maximum power of a chemical engine
摘要：
循环运行的化学发动机被认为是将化学能转化为机械功。工作流体是通过弹性硬碰撞相互作用的有限尺寸球形颗粒的气体。对于粒子吸收和释放的一般输运定律，最大功率下的效率$η$的形式为1/2+cΔμ+ O（Δμ^2），其中1/2为普适常数，$Δμ$为粒子库之间的化学电势差。对于具有所谓的左/右对称性或在所施加的化学电势差中反对称的粒子通量的发动机，线性系数c为零。值得注意的是，领先的常数在$η$是非普遍的一个例外的修改的运输法。对于非线性输运模型，我们得到η= 1/（θ+1），其中θ>0是输运方程中$Δμ$的幂
英文摘要：
A cyclically operating chemical engine is considered that converts chemical energy into mechanical work. The working fluid is a gas of finite-sized spherical particles interacting through elastic hard collisions. For a generic transport law for particle uptake and release, the efficiency at maximum power $η$ takes the form 1/2+cΔμ+ O(Δμ^2), with 1/2 a universal constant and $Δμ$ the chemical potential difference between the particle reservoirs. The linear coefficient c is zero for engines featuring a so-called left/right symmetry or particle fluxes that are antisymmetric in the applied chemical potential difference. Remarkably, the leading constant in $η$ is non-universal with respect to an exceptional modification of the transport law. For a nonlinear transport model we obtain η= 1/(θ+1), with θ>0 the power of $Δμ$ in the transport equation
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