对称性破缺产生三态物质的能谱
Symmetry breaking gives rise to energy spectra of three states of matter
摘要：
统计物理学的一个基本任务是从微观哈密顿量开始，预测系统的统计特性，并将它们与可观测数据进行比较。目前一个值得注意的基本挑战是，告诉是否以及如何相互作用的哈密顿量预测不同的能谱，包括固体，液体和气体相。在这里，我们提出了一个新的想法，使所有三种状态的物质的统一描述。我们引入了一种通用形式的相互作用声子哈密顿量与基态配置最小化的潜力。对称性破缺，从倒易空间中的旋转群到它的子群，导致作为Goldstone定理的结果的剪切激发的能隙的出现，并且容易导致固体、液体和气体相的能谱的出现。
英文摘要：
A fundamental task of statistical physics is to start with a microscopic Hamiltonian, predict the system's statistical properties and compare them with observable data. A notable current fundamental challenge is to tell whether and how an interacting Hamiltonian predicts different energy spectra, including solid, liquid and gas phases. Here, we propose a new idea that enables a unified description of all three states of matter. We introduce a generic form of an interacting phonon Hamiltonian with ground state configurations minimising the potential. Symmetry breaking, from the group of rotations in reciprocal space to its subgroup, leads to emergence of energy gaps of shear excitations as a consequence of the Goldstone theorem, and readily results in the emergence of energy spectra of solid, liquid and gas phases.
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