调查生物多样性与生态系统多功能性之间的关系：挑战和解决方案
Investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: Challenges and solutions
摘要：
广泛的研究表明，物种丰富的组合通常比物种较少的同类组合在资源利用方面更有生产力和效率。但是，多样性如何同时影响生态系统执行的各种生态功能的问题仍然相对不足，它提出了一些尚未解决的分析和经验挑战。特别是，研究人员已经开发了几个不同的指标来量化多功能性，每个指标都表征了概念的不同方面，每个指标都有优点和缺点。我们比较了四种表征多功能性及其对生物多样性的依赖性的方法，量化1）多个单独功能的大小，2）不同物种促进不同功能的程度，3）一套功能的平均水平，以及4）同时超过临界阈值的功能的数量。我们说明了每种方法使用的数据，从泛欧BIODEPTH实验和R multifunc包开发用于此目的，评估每种方法的优点和缺点，并实施几种方法的改进。我们的结论是，系统地探讨所有可能的阈值的第四种方法的扩展提供了迄今为止最全面的多功能性的描述。我们概述了这种方法，并建议在未来的研究中使用。
英文摘要：
Extensive research shows that more species-rich assemblages are generally more productive and efficient in resource use than comparable assemblages with fewer species. But the question of how diversity simultaneously affects the wide variety of ecological functions that ecosystems perform remains relatively understudied, and it presents several analytical and empirical challenges that remain unresolved. In particular, researchers have developed several disparate metrics to quantify multifunctionality, each characterizing different aspects of the concept, and each with pros and cons. We compare four approaches to characterizing multifunctionality and its dependence on biodiversity, quantifying 1) magnitudes of multiple individual functions separately, 2) the extent to which different species promote different functions, 3) the average level of a suite of functions, and 4) the number of functions that simultaneously exceed a critical threshold. We illustrate each approach using data from the pan-European BIODEPTH experiment and the R multifunc package developed for this purpose, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and implement several methodological improvements. We conclude that a extension of the fourth approach that systematically explores all possible threshold values provides the most comprehensive description of multifunctionality to date. We outline this method and recommend its use in future research.
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