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arXiv 1304.4601astro-ph.CO
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宇宙中最大的爆炸

The Biggest Explosions in the Universe

Jarrett L. Johnson, Daniel J. Whalen, Wesley Even, Chris L. Fryer, Alex Heger, Joseph Smidt, Ke-Jung Chen

摘要:

超大质量的原始恒星被认为是宇宙早期大质量原星系中的一小部分,并且通常被认为是超大质量黑洞(BH)种子的祖先。然而,质量约为55,000 M_Sun的超大质量恒星被发现爆炸并完全分裂成能量高达约10^55 erg的超新星(SN),而不是坍缩成BH。这样的事件,比今天典型的SNe能量高10,000倍,将是宇宙历史上最大的爆炸之一。在这里,我们提出了一个模拟这样的SN在两个阶段。使用的辐射流体动力学代码,我们首先发展的爆炸,从早期阶段通过爆发的冲击波从表面的恒星,直到爆炸波已经传播到几个秒差距的爆炸现场,这是深内的原子冷却暗物质(DM)晕在z ~ 15。然后,使用GADGET宇宙流体动力学代码,我们将爆炸从爆炸现场发展到几千秒差距,远到低密度星系际介质。主DM晕的总质量为4 x 10^7 M_Sun,比典型的原始恒星形成晕大得多,在小于1000万年后,高密度气体完全排空,尽管致密的富含金属的气体进入晕中,在大于7000万年后,它可能形成金属丰度约为0.05 Z_Sun的第二代恒星。超大质量恒星爆炸的化学特征可能在今天这种长寿的第二代恒星中找到。

英文摘要:

Supermassive primordial stars are expected to form in a small fraction of massive protogalaxies in the early universe, and are generally conceived of as the progenitors of the seeds of supermassive black holes (BHs). Supermassive stars with masses of ~55,000 M_Sun, however, have been found to explode and completely disrupt in a supernova (SN) with an energy of up to ~10^55 erg instead of collapsing to a BH. Such events, ~10,000 times more energetic than typical SNe today, would be among the biggest explosions in the history of the universe. Here we present a simulation of such a SN in two stages. Using the RAGE radiation hydrodynamics code we first evolve the explosion from an early stage through the breakout of the shock from the surface of the star until the blast wave has propagated out to several parsecs from the explosion site, which lies deep within an atomic cooling dark matter (DM) halo at z ~ 15. Then, using the GADGET cosmological hydrodynamics code we evolve the explosion out to several kiloparsecs from the explosion site, far into the low-density intergalactic medium. The host DM halo, with a total mass of 4 x 10^7 M_Sun, much more massive than typical primordial star-forming halos, is completely evacuated of high density gas after < 10 Myr, although dense metal-enriched gas recollapses into the halo, where it will likely form second-generation stars with metallicities of ~ 0.05 Z_Sun after > 70 Myr. The chemical signature of supermassive star explosions may be found in such long-lived second-generation stars today.

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