“精确天体物理学的时代：连接恒星、星系和宇宙”，Astro2010科学白皮书
"An Era of Precision Astrophysics: Connecting Stars, Galaxies and the Universe," an Astro2010 Science White Paper
摘要：
摘要：天体物理学的黄金时代已经到来，我们有了重大发现（太阳系外行星、暗物质、暗能量）和精确的宇宙学。由于最近的精确测量，对恒星和星系的基本认识是可以实现的。我们强调了距离的重要性，并建立了独立于距离和质量的模型。距离是天体物理学的基础，它们的知识可以极大地改变我们对现象的看法：例如，在古代，日心说被否定，因为没有观测到预测的恒星视差。距离测量直接关系到宇宙的历史和命运，因为它们提供了3种方法中的2种来确定宇宙的日期。第一种方法是基于恒星的年龄，如果它们的亮度（距离）是准确的，就可以确定。第二种方法依赖于宇宙学方法。宇宙的年龄是H_0的倒数。正如前一份十年报告所强调的那样，“......天体物理学就是要了解宇宙是如何...星系和恒星他们是如何形成的，他们的命运是什么。这些问题可以用微弧秒天体测量学部分地回答：1）银河系考古学：对银河系和其他本群星系形成历史的详细重建，2）银河系中最古老的恒星和宇宙的年龄，3）H_0和和谐宇宙学。这些目标是可以实现的，结合从拟议的SIM-Lite任务补充地面光谱学的μ as-arcsecond天体测量。我们提出的项目的结果将迫使50年来对恒星天体物理学进行最大规模的重新评估，这将影响天体物理学的大多数分支。
英文摘要：
Abridged: The golden age of astrophysics is upon us with both grand discoveries (extra-solar planets, dark matter, dark energy) and precision cosmology. Fundamental understanding of the working of stars and galaxies is within reach, thanks to newly available precision measurements. We highlight the importance of distances and model independent distances and masses. Distances are fundamental in astrophysics and their knowledge can change our perception of phenomena dramatically: e.g., in antiquity, the Heliocentric model was rejected because the predicted stellar parallaxes were not observed. Distance measurements are directly related to the history & fate of the uni- verse as they provide 2 of 3 methods available to date the universe. The 1st method is based on the ages of stars, which can be ascertained if their lumi- nosities (distances) are accurately known. The 2nd method relies on cosmolo- gical methods. To 1st order, the age of the universe is the inverse H_0. As stressed by the previous decadal report, "the fundamental goal of ... astrophysics is to understand how the universe ... galaxies [and] stars ... formed, how they evolved, and what their destiny will be." These questions can be answered partly by micro-arcsecond astrometry: 1) Galactic archeology: a detailed reconstruction of the formation history of the Milky Way and other Local Group galaxies, 2) the very oldest stars in the Milky Way and the age of the Universe, and 3) H_0 and concordance cosmology. These goals are achievable by combining muas-arcsecond astrometry from the proposed SIM-Lite mission supplemented with ground-based spectroscopy. The results of our proposed project will force the biggest reassessment of stellar astrophysics in 50 years, which will affect most branches of astrophysics.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
