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arXiv 1304.4113cond-mat.stat-mech
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亚平衡或亚稳态的统计热力学

Statistical Thermodynamics for metaequilibrium or metastable states

A. Carati, A. Maiocchi, L. Galgani

摘要:

我们展示了如何统计热力学可以制定的热力学应用的情况下,而平衡统计力学没有。用朗道和利夫希茨的话来说,一个典型的例子是部分(或不完全)均衡。人们有一个与环境平衡的感兴趣的系统,并通过提高环境的温度来测量它的一个量,例如它的比热。然而,在观测时间内,全球系统稳定到表观平衡状态,因此比热的测量值与平衡值不同。在这种情况下,存在有效比热等量的公式,这些公式由涨落耗散理论提供。然而,缺乏的是内能存在的证据,即,基本微分形式Δ Q-Δ W(系统吸收的热量与所做的功之差)是闭合的。在这里,我们展示了如何系数的基本形式,可以表示在这样一种方式,该形式的封闭性变得明显,使第一原理得到证明。然后,我们表明,第二个原则也遵循,而且确实是微观时间的结果-可逆性。治疗是在一个经典的哈密顿设置。一个具有由感兴趣的系统和两个控制温度和压力的辅助系统构成的全局时间无关的哈密顿系统,并且由于热力学参数的变化而发生的过程通过适当选择初始数据的测量来实现。

英文摘要:

We show how statistical thermodynamics can be formulated in situations in which thermodynamics applies, while equilibrium statistical mechanics does not. A typical case is, in the words of Landau and Lifshitz, that of partial (or incomplete) equilibrium. One has a system of interest in equilibrium with the environment, and measures one of its quantities, for example its specific heat, by raising the temperature of the environment. However, within the observation time the global system settles down to a state of apparent equilibrium, so that the measured value of the specific heat is different from the equilibrium one. In such cases formulae for quantities such as the effective specific heat exist, which are provided by Fluctuation Dissipation theory. However, what is lacking is a proof that internal energy exists, i.e., that the fundamental differential form delta Q-delta W (difference between the heat absorbed by the system and the work performed by it) is closed. Here we show how the coefficients of the fundamental form can be expressed in such a way that the closure property of the form becomes manifest, so that the first principle is proven. We then show that the second principle too follows, and indeed as a consequence of microscopic time--reversibility. The treatment is given in a classical Hamiltonian setting. One has a global time--independent Hamiltonian system constituted by the system of interest and two auxiliary ones controlling temperature and pressure, and the occurring of a process due to a change in the thermodynamic parameters is implemented by a suitable choice of the measure for the initial data.

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