我们提出了一个模型,预测的光变曲线振幅分布的低质量磁活性恒星的合奏下,假设恒星的自旋轴是随机取向和冷星点有一个特征尺度长度和随机分布在恒星表面。该模型与观测数据进行了比较,在年轻的星团NGC 2516的高磁活动M-矮星。我们发现,最佳拟合的星点尺度长度并不局限于这些数据,但需要对整体星点填充因子和星点温度的假设。假设光斑覆盖率为0.4+/-0.1,恒星光斑与无光斑光球温度比为0.7+/-0.05,正如这些恒星的膨胀半径与演化模型预测相比以及TiO波段对其他早期光谱类型的活动冷星的测量所表明的那样,最适合的恒星光斑角标度长度为3.5(+2)(-1)度,或线性标度长度为\sim 25000 km。这个线性尺度的长度类似于大的太阳黑子群,但比最近使用凌日系外行星的日食测绘在活动的G矮星上推导出的恒星黑子小2- 5倍。然而,NGC 2516 M矮星的最佳拟合点尺度长度随着假设的点温度比和假设的点填充因子的平方根的倒数而增加。因此,如果光斑填充因子为0.9,则光变曲线振幅分布同样可以由这些较大的光斑尺度长度来描述<0.1 or the spot temperature ratio is >。
英文摘要:
We present a model that predicts the light curve amplitude distribution for an ensemble of low-mass magnetically active stars, under the assumptions that stellar spin axes are randomly orientated and that cool starspots have a characteristic scale length and are randomly distributed across the stellar surfaces. The model is compared with observational data for highly magnetically active M-dwarfs in the young cluster NGC 2516. We find that the best fitting starspot scale length is not constrained by these data alone, but requires assumptions about the overall starspot filling factor and starspot temperature. Assuming a spot coverage fraction of 0.4+/-0.1 and a starspot to unspotted photosphere temperature ratio of 0.7+/-0.05, as suggested by the inflated radii of these stars compared to evolutionary model predictions and by TiO band measurements on other active cool stars of earlier spectral type, the best-fitting starspot angular scale length is 3.5(+2)(-1) degrees, or a linear scale length of \sim 25000 km. This linear scale length is similar to large sunspot groups, but 2--5 times smaller than the starspots recently deduced on an active G-dwarf using eclipse mapping by a transiting exoplanet. However, the best-fitting spot scale length in the NGC 2516 M-dwarfs increases with the assumed spot temperature ratio and with the inverse square root of the assumed spot filling factor. Hence the light curve amplitude distribution might equally well be described by these larger spot scale lengths if the spot filling factors are <0.1 or the spot temperature ratio is >0.9.
Superflares on Solar-Type Stars Observed with Kepler II. Photometric Variability of Superflare-Generating Stars : A Signature of Stellar Rotation and Starspots
Determination of Starspot Covering Fraction as a function of Stellar Age from Observational Data
The association of starspots with magnetic fields leads to an expectation that quantities which correlate with magnetic field strength may also correlate with {starspot} coverage. Since younger stars spin faster and are more magnetically active, assessing whether {starspot} coverage correlates with shorter rotation periods and stellar youth tests these principles. Here we analyze the {starspot} covering fraction versus stellar age for M{-}, G{-}, K{-}, and F{-}type stars based on previously determined variability and rotation periods of over 30,000 { \textit{Kepler} } main-sequence stars. We d…
Calibration of Differential Light Curves for Physical Analysis of Starspots
本文提出了详细考虑的方法来校准差分光变曲线精确的物理星点建模。我们使用太阳和星点模型作为测试平台,以突出一些因素,在这种校准,尚未被小心对待。一个明确的成功的程序转换为光赤字曲线的差异光曲线似乎难以实现,但方法,在许多情况下工作。开普勒望远镜长达数年的时间覆盖提供了一个强大的优势,但尚未解决的问题有关的竞争,有时类似的影响,表面差异旋转与斑点数量和大小的演变可以防止正确的斑点覆盖分数的信心恢复在某些情况下。我们还考虑是否光斑检测开普勒和/或必须占。我们得出结论,他们的影响是这样的,绝对测光是不需要现场赤字校准。为了阐明它们的特征,我们重新研究了绝对亮度,差分变化和数百颗开普勒恒星的表观斑点覆盖率之间的相关性,并从Montet et al.(2017)进行了绝对校准。结果与他们的相似,但我们得出的结论有些不同。正如预期的那样,这个活跃的太阳型样本中的大多数恒星都是斑点主导的。部分原因是缺乏较长周期的恒星,在这个样本中光斑优势的证据既稀少又相对薄弱。光斑人口表现出令人费解的缺乏依赖于旋转周期,这引起了问题的明显检测的“光斑”信号在短时间内。
The Contribution of Starspots to the Lithium Spread in NGC 2264
Peking University(北京大学);Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University(北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所);Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院紫金山天文台);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学汤川路研究所)
Starspot activity of HD 199178. Doppler images from 1994--2017
上下文研究晚型恒星的黑子对于区分各种被认为是恒星黑子活动主要原因的发电机机制至关重要。对于这项研究,重要的是收集足够长的观测时间序列,以解开长期和短期的斑点演变。多普勒成像是一种非常有效的方法,用于研究无法角分辨的恒星斑点。目标。分析了1994-2017年期间的高分辨率光谱观测,以揭示FK彗星型亚巨星HD 199178的长期和短期活动变化。方法.大多数观测数据都是由北欧光学望远镜收集的。使用基于Tikhonov正则化的反演技术并利用多条谱线计算多普勒成像温度图。结果我们提供了一系列独特的41张温度图,跨度超过23年。所有可靠的图像都显示了一个位于可见旋转极点附近的大型冷斑区域。一些低纬度的冷特征也被恢复,虽然这些的可靠性是值得怀疑的。在平均表面温度和光斑覆盖率之间存在预期的反相关。使用多普勒图像,我们构建了相当于HD 199178的太阳蝴蝶图。结论. HD 199178在旋转极点处明显具有长期的大而冷的斑点结构。这种现货结构主导了1994-2017年的现货活动。该结构的规模和位置随着时间的推移而变化,在过去几年中逐渐增加。低纬度特征的缺乏妨碍了对可能的差异旋转的确定。
Quantifying the Transit Light Source Effect: Measurements of Spot Temperature and Coverage on the Photosphere of AU Microscopii with High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Multi-Color Photometry
KRONOS II: Solar-like Umbra and Penumbra Properties on the Young Sun V1298~Tau
Michigan State University(密歇根州立大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);Vanderbilt University(范德堡大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA)(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)
利用 JWST NIRISS/SOSS 掩星观测年轻行星 V1298 Tau bcd,通过星食事件光谱分析,发现宿主星 V1298~Tau 的黑子具有类似太阳的本影和半影结构,温度分别为 3265-3436 K 和 4388-4659 K,且本影面积占比约 30%。
X-ray and Hα superflare on an RS CVn-type star, UX Arietis: Constraint on the flare location from radial velocity change during the flare
Chuo University(中央大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);The Catholic University of America(美利坚天主教大学);Kyoto University(京都大学);Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台昴星望远镜);University of Colorado Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校);National Solar Observatory(美国国家太阳观测台);Chiba University(千叶大学)
Doppler imaging combined with high-cadence photometry. I. Revisiting the surface of a pre-main-sequence flare star
Kyoto University(京都大学);Ankara University(安卡拉大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung(马克斯·普朗克太阳系研究所);Hitotsubashi University(一桥大学);The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University(京都大学哈库比高级研究中心);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);The Catholic University of America(美利坚天主教大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory, University of Hyogo(兵库县立西播磨天文台)