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arXiv 1302.4176astro-ph.SR
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低质量原恒星周围原恒星外流的演化

Evolution of Protostellar Outflow around Low-mass Protostar

Masahiro N. Machida, Takashi Hosokawa

摘要:

利用电阻性磁流体动力学嵌套网格模拟方法研究了原恒星外流的演化过程,该方法覆盖了宽的空间尺度(\sim 1AU -1 pc)。我们跟随云的演化,从前恒星的核心阶段,直到降落的信封消散后很久的原恒星形成。我们还计算了原恒星的演化,得出原恒星的光度与时间相关的质量吸积通过一个拱盘。原恒星外流在原恒星形成之前由第一个核心驱动,在原恒星形成之后直接由星周盘驱动。在0级,出流口的开度角较大。在这个阶段,大部分的星云物质被喷射出来,这使得恒星的形成效率降低到\sim 50%。流出物从出生云中爆发后,流出物准直性在I级阶段逐渐改善。外流的头部在\sim 10^5年中移动超过\sim 10^5 AU。计算得到的外流动量、能量和质量与观测值符合得很好。此外,我们的模拟显示出相同的流出动量通量,原恒星光度和包层质量之间的相关性的观测。这些相关性在0级和I级之间不同,这是由外流的不同演化阶段解释的;在0级阶段,外流由吸积质量提供动力,并从下落包层获得动量;在I级阶段,外流进入动量驱动的扫雪阶段。我们的研究结果表明,原恒星外流应该决定最终的恒星质量和显着影响早期演化的低质量的原恒星。

英文摘要:

The evolution of protostellar outflow is investigated with resistive magneto-hydrodynamic nested-grid simulations that cover a wide range of spatial scales (\sim 1AU - 1pc). We follow cloud evolution from the pre-stellar core stage until the infalling envelope dissipates long after the protostar formation. We also calculate protostellar evolution to derive protostellar luminosity with time-dependent mass accretion through a circumstellar disk. The protostellar outflow is driven by the first core prior to protostar formation and is directly driven by the circumstellar disk after protostar formation. The opening angle of the outflow is large in the Class 0 stage. A large fraction of the cloud mass is ejected in this stage, which reduces the star formation efficiency to \sim 50%. After the outflow breaks out from the natal cloud, the outflow collimation is gradually improved in the Class I stage. The head of the outflow travels more than \sim 10^5AU in \sim 10^5 yr. The outflow momentum, energy and mass derived in our calculations agree well with observations. In addition, our simulations show the same correlations among outflow momentum flux, protostellar luminosity and envelope mass as those in observations. These correlations differ between Class 0 and I stages, which is explained by different evolutionary stages of the outflow; in the Class 0 stage, the outflow is powered by the accreting mass and acquires its momentum from the infalling envelope; in the Class I stage, the outflow enters the momentum-driven snow-plough phase. Our results suggest that protostellar outflow should determine the final stellar mass and significantly affect the early evolution of low-mass protostars.

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