源-汇集合种群的新方法--人口学和扩散的解耦作用
New approaches of source-sink metapopulations decoupling the roles of demography and dispersal
摘要：
源-汇系统是指具有不同生境质量的生境斑块集合种群，在生态学中常用于研究空间扩展的自然种群的命运。我们提出了新的技术，可以解开各自的贡献人口和扩散的动态和命运的一个单一的物种在源汇集合种群。我们的方法是有效的一般类的随机，个人为基础的，垫脚石模型，与密度无关的人口和扩散，提供集合种群是有限的，否则享有一定的传递性。我们提供了1）一个简单的持久性的标准，通过研究一个单一的随机扩散，直到它返回到其初始位置的运动; 2）的长期增长率的联合表征和渐近占有频率的祖先血统的随机幸存者，通过使用大偏差理论。这两种技术产生的公式解耦人口和扩散，并可以适应的情况下，周期性或随机的环境中，栖息地的质量是自相关的空间和可能的时间。在最后一种情况下，我们展示了允许生存的耦合时间平均汇的例子，正如以前在完全混合（Jansen和Yoshimura，1998）甚至部分混合（Evans等人，2012; Schreiber，2010）集合种群。
英文摘要：
Source-sink systems are metapopulations of habitat patches with different, and possibly temporally varying, habitat qualities, which are commonly used in ecology to study the fate of spatially extended natural populations. We propose new techniques that allow to disentangle the respective contributions of demography and dispersal to the dynamics and fate of a single species in a source-sink metapopulation. Our approach is valid for a general class of stochastic, individual-based, stepping-stone models, with density-independent demography and dispersal, provided the metapopulation is finite or else enjoys some transitivity property. We provide 1) a simple criterion of persistence, by studying the motion of a single random disperser until it returns to its initial position; 2) a joint characterization of the long-term growth rate and of the asymptotic occupancy frequencies of the ancestral lineage of a random survivor, by using large deviations theory. Both techniques yield formulae decoupling demography and dispersal, and can be adapted to the case of periodic or random environments, where habitat qualities are autocorrelated in space and possibly in time. In this last case, we display examples of coupled time-averaged sinks allowing survival, as was previously known in the absence of demographic stochasticity for fully mixing (Jansen and Yoshimura, 1998) and even partially mixing (Evans et al., 2012; Schreiber, 2010) metapopulations.
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