水平不均匀系外行星的模拟通量和偏振信号，应用于类地行星
Modeled flux and polarisation signals of horizontally inhomogeneous exoplanets, applied to Earth--like planets
摘要：
我们提出了模拟通量和线性偏振信号的星光，空间上未解决的，水平不均匀的行星反射，并讨论了包括水平不均匀性对通量和偏振信号的类地系外行星的影响。我们的代码是基于一个有效的添加-加倍算法，它完全包括气体和气溶胶/云粒子的多重散射。我们将一个模型行星分成像素，这些像素足够小，使得大气和表面（如果存在）的局部属性水平均匀。给定一个行星相位角，我们将反射的总通量和穿过行星盘的照明和可见部分的线性偏振通量相加，注意适当地将偏振通量矢量旋转到相同的参考平面。我们比较了简单的水平非均匀模型行星的通量和偏振信号对加权和近似的结果，其中水平均匀行星的信号相结合。除了行星只有轻微不均匀性的情况外，信号差异很大。特别是，极化相位函数的形状似乎是敏感的水平不均匀性。同样的道理也适用于类似地球的模型行星，它们在海洋和沙质大陆上方有片状的云。我们的模拟清楚地表明，水平的不均匀性留下不同的痕迹通量和偏振信号。将通量与偏振测量相结合将有助于检索行星上的大气和表面模式。
英文摘要：
We present modeled flux and linear polarisation signals of starlight that is reflected by spatially unresolved, horizontally inhomogeneous planets and discuss the effects of including horizontal inhomogeneities on the flux and polarisation signals of Earth-like exoplanets. Our code is based on an efficient adding--doubling algorithm, which fully includes multiple scattering by gases and aerosol/cloud particles. We divide a model planet into pixels that are small enough for the local properties of the atmosphere and surface (if present) to be horizontally homogeneous. Given a planetary phase angle, we sum up the reflected total and linearly polarised fluxes across the illuminated and visible part of the planetary disk, taking care to properly rotate the polarized flux vectors towards the same reference plane. We compared flux and polarisation signals of simple horizontally inhomogeneous model planets against results of the weighted sum approximation, in which signals of horizontally homogeneous planets are combined. Apart from cases in which the planet has only a minor inhomogeneity, the signals differ significantly. In particular, the shape of the polarisation phase function appears to be sensitive to the horizontal inhomogeneities. The same holds true for Earth-like model planets with patchy clouds above an ocean and a sandy continent. Our simulations clearly show that horizontal inhomogeneities leave different traces in flux and polarisation signals. Combining flux with polarisation measurements would help retrieving the atmospheric and surface patterns on a planet.
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