地球盘积分斯托克斯矢量的综合模式
Towards a comprehensive model of Earth's disk-integrated Stokes vector
摘要：
在过去的十年里，已经完成了大量模拟类地系外行星遥远外观的工作。这项研究是由在不久的将来描述太阳系以外的宜居行星的前景所推动的。在这项工作中，我提出了一种方法来产生磁盘集成签名的行星，在他们的三维复杂性，即与水平和垂直变化的光学性质，他们的信封。该方法是基于预处理后向蒙特卡罗积分的矢量辐射输运方程，并产生完整的斯托克斯矢量传出反射辐射。该方法是通过选定的例子，启发出版的工作，从可见光的波长到近红外和陆地处方的云和表面的光谱图。这种方法的一个明显优点是，它的计算成本似乎不会受到行星光学特性不均匀性的显著影响。地球的模拟外观强烈依赖于波长;亮度和偏振都经历了行星覆盖变化引起的昼夜变化，但偏振可以更好地了解相位角的变化。来自南北半球的偏振信号被部分抵消，因此输出偏振矢量优先位于平行或垂直于行星散射平面的平面内，也适用于非均匀的云和云的性质以及大气层内的各种吸收水平。圆偏振的评估是具有挑战性的;需要一些1 E9或更多的单光子实验来解决几倍于1 E-5的半球积分圆偏振度。最后，我介绍亮度曲线...
英文摘要：
A significant body of work on simulating the remote appearance of Earth-like exoplanets has been done over the last decade. The research is driven by the prospect of characterizing habitable planets beyond the Solar System in the near future. In this work, I present a method to produce the disk-integrated signature of planets that are described in their three-dimensional complexity, i.e. with both horizontal and vertical variations in the optical properties of their envelopes. The approach is based on pre-conditioned backward Monte Carlo integration of the vector Radiative Transport Equation and yields the full Stokes vector for outgoing reflected radiation. The method is demonstrated through selected examples inspired by published work at wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared and terrestrial prescriptions of both cloud and surface albedo maps. A clear advantage of this approach is that its computational cost does not appear to be significantly affected by non-uniformities in the planet optical properties. Earth's simulated appearance is strongly dependent on wavelength; both brightness and polarisation undergo diurnal variations arising from changes in the planet cover, but polarisation yields a better insight into variations with phase angle. There is partial cancellation of the polarised signal from the northern and southern hemispheres so that the outgoing polarisation vector lies preferentially either in the plane parallel or perpendicular to the planet scattering plane, also for non-uniform cloud and albedo properties and various levels of absorption within the atmosphere. The evaluation of circular polarisation is challenging; a number of one-photon experiments of 1E9 or more is needed to resolve hemispherically-integrated degrees of circular polarisation of a few times 1E-5. Last, I introduce brightness curves...
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