大刍草局部适应的复杂模式
Complex patterns of local adaptation in teosinte
摘要：
广泛分布的物种种群经常遇到并适应特定的环境条件。然而，适应的遗传基础的全面表征是苛刻的，需要全基因组的基因型数据，多个抽样的人口，并很好地了解人口结构。我们使用环境和高密度基因型数据来描述玉米野生祖先大白菜21个种群局部适应的遗传基础。我们发现，海拔，扩散事件和亚种间的混合形成了一个复杂的等级遗传结构的大刍草。连锁不平衡的模式揭示了四个巨型基地规模的反转，种群之间分离，并有海拔梯度。根据大刍草的分化模式及其与环境变化的相关性，倒位和非基因区在大刍草的局部适应中起着重要作用。此外，我们注意到，强烈分化的个体群体可以偏向适应性基因座的识别。倒位在局部适应中的作用已被理论预测，并需要注意，因为全基因组数据可用于其他植物物种。这些结果也表明了非编码变异的潜在重要作用，特别是在大型植物基因组中，基因空间代表了整个基因组的一部分。
英文摘要：
Populations of widely distributed species often encounter and adapt to specific environmental conditions. However, comprehensive characterization of the genetic basis of adaptation is demanding, requiring genome-wide genotype data, multiple sampled populations, and a good understanding of population structure. We have used environmental and high-density genotype data to describe the genetic basis of local adaptation in 21 populations of teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize. We found that altitude, dispersal events and admixture among subspecies formed a complex hierarchical genetic structure within teosinte. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium revealed four mega-base scale inversions that segregated among populations and had altitudinal clines. Based on patterns of differentiation and correlation with environmental variation, inversions and nongenic regions play an important role in local adaptation of teosinte. Further, we note that strongly differentiated individual populations can bias the identification of adaptive loci. The role of inversions in local adaptation has been predicted by theory and requires attention as genome-wide data become available for additional plant species. These results also suggest a potentially important role for noncoding variation, especially in large plant genomes in which the gene space represents a fraction of the entire genome.
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