The uncertainty in the absolute value of the air-fluorescence yield still puts a severe limit on the accuracy in the primary energy of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The precise measurement of this parameter in laboratory is in turn conditioned by a careful evaluation of the energy deposited in the experimental collision chamber. In this work we discuss on the calculation of the energy deposition and its accuracy. Results from an upgraded Monte Carlo algorithm that we have developed are compared with those obtained using Geant4, showing excellent agreement. These updated calculations of energy deposition are used to apply some corrections to the available measurements of the absolute fluorescence yield, allowing us to obtain a reliable world average of this important parameter.
We review all existing air-fluorescence measurements of the elongation rate of extensive air showers (slope of mean EAS shower maximum (Xmax) vs log of shower energy E) above 1017 eV. We find remarkable agreement for all current and historic experiments over a 30 year period for the energy range from 1017 to 3x1018 eV. The mean elongation rate in this energy interval is near 80 gm/cm2/decade Above this energy, experiments in the Northern hemisphere are in good agreement with an average elongation rate of 48 +/- 10 gm/cm2/decade while Southern hemisphere experiments have a flatter elongation ra…
Developed as NASA Astrophysics Probe-class mission, the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) is designed to identify the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos. POEMMA consists of two spacecraft flying in a loose formation at 525 km altitude, 28.5$^\circ$ inclination orbits. Each spacecraft hosts a Schmidt telescope with a large collecting area and wide Field-of-View (FoV). A novel focal plane is employed that is optimized to observe both the UV fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EASs) and the optical Cherenkov signals f…
Atmospheric multiple scattering of fluorescence light from extensive air showers and effect of the aerosol size on the reconstruction of energy and depth of maximum
Air Shower Observation by a Simple Structured Fresnel lens Telescope with Single Pixel for the Next Generation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Observatory
First Detection of Extensive Air Showers Using a Small-Aperture Fluorescence Telescope
D.V. Skobelstyn Institue of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University（莫斯科国立大学D.V.斯科别尔钦核物理研究所）；Faculty of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University（莫斯科国立大学物理系）；Cosmic Ray Department, Yerevan Physics Institute（埃里温物理研究所宇宙射线部）
Neutrino Telescope Array Letter of Intent: A Large Array of High Resolution Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov and Fluorescence Detectors for Survey of Air-showers from Cosmic Tau Neutrinos in the PeV-EeV Energy Range
本意向书（LoI）描述了中微子望远镜阵列（NTA）项目的大纲和计划。高能中微子为强子加速提供了独特而无可争辩的证据。最近，冰立方已经报道了超过预期的来自大气秒的天文中微子候选者，但受到水切伦科夫探测方法的限制。下一代高能中微子望远镜应该能够为宇宙高能中微子建立无可争辩的证据。它不仅应该有数量级的更大的灵敏度，而且还应该有足够的指向精度来探测已知或未知的天文物体，而不会受到大气层的影响。拟议的装置是一个大型阵列的成像大气切伦科夫和荧光探测器的复眼站，具有宽视场和精细的观测能力，从PeV-EeV能量范围的宇宙τ中微子的空气簇射。这套先进的光学复杂系统主要是在全天空巡天高分辨率空气簇射探测器（Ashra）的基础上发展起来的，并采用τ簇射掠地方法对PeV-EeV τ中微子进行巡天。在标准GRB中微子注量的条件下，它可以对PeV-EeV τ中微子进行宽（30 ° x 360 °）和深（~400 Mpc）的巡天观测，而且在基本无背景的条件下，它的指向精度优于0.2 °。通过在宽视场中对掠地τ阵雨进行先进成像，我们的目标是明确发现和识别天文τ中微子源，为天体物理强子模型提供不可逃避的证据，以加速和/或在精确确定的方向上传播极高能量的质子。
Trinity: An Air-Shower Imaging System for the Detection of Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos
探测高能中微子的努力是由几个目标驱动的：冰立方探测到的天体物理中微子的起源是什么？高能宇宙射线的来源是什么？ANITA探测到的事件是否指向新的物理学？要想弄清这些问题，就需要能够探测到$10^7$ GeV以上中微子的仪器，而且灵敏度要足够高--这是一项艰巨的任务。虽然大多数高能中微子实验都是基于中微子相互作用后簇射粒子的无线电特征的检测，但我们相信簇射粒子的切伦科夫和荧光的检测是一个有吸引力的替代方案。用切伦科夫和荧光成像空气簇射是一种技术，已成功地用于几个高能宇宙线和甚高能伽马射线实验。我们进行了一个案例研究的空气簇射成像系统的探测掠地τ中微子。我们考虑的探测器配置包括位于山顶并指向地平线的成像系统。从这项研究的结果，我们得出结论，$3\cdot10^{-9}$ GeV cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$ sr $^{-1}$的灵敏度可以实现在$2\cdot10^8$ GeV与一个相对较小的模块化系统，经过三年的观察。在本报告中，我们讨论了我们的研究的主要结果，以及它们如何转化为我们称之为Trinity的成像系统的设计要求。
Tau neutrinos with energies in the PeV-EeV range produce up-going extensive air showers (UEAS) if they interact underground close enough to the surface of the Earth. This work studies detectability of the UEAS with a system of fluorescence telescopes overlooking dark, low reflectivity, area on the ground up to the distances 20-30 km from mountain top(s). Such system could provide sensitivity sufficient for accumulation of the astrophysical neutrino signal statistics at the rate ten(s) events per year in the energy range beyond 10 PeV, thus allowing to extend the energy frontier of neutrino ast…
EUSO-TA ground based fluorescence detector: analysis of the detected events
EUSO-TA是一个地基荧光探测器，用于验证将在空间运行的超高能宇宙射线荧光探测器的设计。EUSO-TA利用JEM-EUSO计划开发的技术探测到了第一次空气簇射事件。它在美国犹他州的望远镜阵列（TA）站点运行。在望远镜阵列的Black Rock Mesa荧光探测器（TA-FDs）提供的外部触发下，EUSO-TA观测到了来自望远镜阵列中央激光设施和JEM-EUSO全球光系统原型等便携式激光器的9个超高能宇宙射线事件和几个激光事件。穿过EUSO-TA视场的宇宙射线事件（EUSO-TA探测到和未探测到的）的重建参数由望远镜阵列协作组提供。由于TA-FD的视场比EUSO-TA大（$\sim$大30倍），因此它们可以根据对大部分广泛的空气簇射轮廓（包括簇射最大值）的观测来重建宇宙线能量，而EUSO-TA只观测到一部分簇射，通常远离最大值。因此，对应于EUSO-TA信号的宇宙射线的能量看起来比实际的能量低。本文讨论了EUSO-TA探测到的宇宙线事件的分析。
Analysis of Fluorescence Telescope Data Using Machine Learning Methods
D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia（D.V. Skobeltsyn核物理研究所，莫斯科国立大学，莫斯科）；Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia（计算数学与 cybernetics 学院，莫斯科国立大学，莫斯科）
