千禧天文台：第一道光
The Millennium Run Observatory: First Light
摘要：
星系演化的模拟旨在捕捉我们目前的理解，并通过未来的实验进行预测。模拟和观测经常以间接的方式进行比较：从数据中估计物理量，并与模型进行比较。然而，许多应用程序可以受益于更直接的方法，其中观察过程也是模拟的，并且从观察者的角度完全看到模型。为了促进这一点，我们已经开发了千年运行天文台（MROBs），一个理论上的虚拟天文台，使用虚拟望远镜“观察”半解析星系形成模型的基础上，一套千年运行暗物质模拟。MROBs产生的数据可以使用为实际观测开发的标准软件包进行处理和分析。目前，我们在40个滤波器，从休息帧紫外到红外两个恒星星族合成模型，三个不同的IGM吸收模型，和两个宇宙学（WMAP 1/7）的图像。可以使用主要的地面和空间望远镜模型“观测”大量模拟光锥的星系分布。这些数据包括与星系结构特性相关的光锥目录、观测前模型图像、模拟望远镜图像和源提取器产品，这些都可以追溯到更高级别的暗物质、半解析星系和千禧年数据库中的光锥目录。在这里，我们描述了我们的方法，并宣布第一次公开发布的模拟调查（例如，SDSS、CFHT-LS、GOODS、GOODS/ERS、CANDELS和HUDF）。MRObs浏览器是一种在线工具，进一步促进了对模拟数据的探索。我们通过一些示例应用程序（星系数计数CANDELS，集群，形态和辍学选择）证明了直接方法的好处。
英文摘要：
Simulations of galaxy evolution aim to capture our current understanding as well as to make predictions for testing by future experiments. Simulations and observations are often compared in an indirect fashion: physical quantities are estimated from the data and compared to models. However, many applications can benefit from a more direct approach, where the observing process is also simulated and the models are seen fully from the observer's perspective. To facilitate this, we have developed the Millennium Run Observatory (MRObs), a theoretical virtual observatory which uses virtual telescopes to `observe' semi-analytic galaxy formation models based on the suite of Millennium Run dark matter simulations. The MRObs produces data that can be processed and analyzed using the standard software packages developed for real observations. At present, we produce images in forty filters from the rest-frame UV to IR for two stellar population synthesis models, three different models of IGM absorption, and two cosmologies (WMAP1/7). Galaxy distributions for a large number of mock lightcones can be `observed' using models of major ground- and space-based telescopes. The data include lightcone catalogues linked to structural properties of galaxies, pre-observation model images, mock telescope images, and Source Extractor products that can all be traced back to the higher level dark matter, semi-analytic galaxy, and lightcone catalogues available in the Millennium database. Here, we describe our methods and announce a first public release of simulated surveys (e.g., SDSS, CFHT-LS, GOODS, GOODS/ERS, CANDELS, and HUDF). The MRObs browser, an online tool, further facilitates exploration of the simulated data. We demonstrate the benefits of a direct approach through a number of example applications (galaxy number counts in CANDELS, clusters, morphologies, and dropout selections).
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