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arXiv 1206.6887astro-ph.EP
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3.6太阳系外行星HD 189733 b大气中4.5微米相位曲线和非平衡化学的证据

3.6 and 4.5 Micron Phase Curves and Evidence for Non-Equilibrium Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HD 189733b

Heather A. Knutson, Nikole Lewis, Jonathan J. Fortney, Adam Burrows, Adam P. Showman, Nicolas B. Cowan, Eric Agol, Suzanne Aigrain, David Charbonneau, Drake Dem… 展开作者

Heather A. Knutson, Nikole Lewis, Jonathan J. Fortney, Adam Burrows, Adam P. Showman, Nicolas B. Cowan, Eric Agol, Suzanne Aigrain, David Charbonneau, Drake Deming, Jean-Michel Desert, Gregory W. Henry, Jonathan Langton, Gregory Laughlin

摘要:

我们提出了新的,全轨道观测的典型热木星HD 189733 b的红外相位变化的3.6和4.5微米波段使用斯皮策太空望远镜。当与先前在8.0和24微米的相位曲线观测相结合时,这些数据使我们能够将系外行星的发射光谱描述为行星经度的函数。我们利用改进的方法来消除像素内灵敏度变化的影响,并考虑到我们的数据中存在的时间相关噪声。我们在3.6微米波段测量到0.1242% +/-0.0061%的相位曲线幅度,在4.5微米波段测量到0.0982% +/-0.0089%的相位曲线幅度。我们发现,最小和最大通量的时间发生几个小时前比预测的大气中的辐射平衡,一致的向东平流的气体由赤道超旋转射流。我们的新数据中通量最小值的位置与我们以前在8微米处的观测结果不同,我们提出了新的证据,表明在8微米处观测到的通量最小值可能是由8微米阵列中的过冲效应引起的。我们获得了HD 189733 b的昼侧行星-恒星流量比的改进估计,在3.6微米处为0.1466% +/- 0.0040%,在4.5微米处为0.1787% +/- 0.0038%;这些是迄今为止获得的太阳系外行星最准确的二次日食深度。我们将HD 189733 b的新昼侧和夜侧光谱与Burrows等人(2008)和Showman等人(2009)的模型预测进行了比较。我们发现HD 189733 b的4.5微米的夜面通量比Showman等人的模型预测的小3.3 σ,该模型假设化学物质处于局部热平衡。我们的结论是,这种差异是最好的解释垂直混合,这将导致过量的CO和相应的增强4.5微米的吸收在这个区域。[删节]

英文摘要:

We present new, full-orbit observations of the infrared phase variations of the canonical hot Jupiter HD 189733b obtained in the 3.6 and 4.5 micron bands using the Spitzer Space Telescope. When combined with previous phase curve observations at 8.0 and 24 micron, these data allow us to characterize the exoplanet's emission spectrum as a function of planetary longitude. We utilize improved methods for removing the effects of intrapixel sensitivity variations and accounting for the presence of time-correlated noise in our data. We measure a phase curve amplitude of 0.1242% +/- 0.0061% in the 3.6 micron band and 0.0982% +/- 0.0089% in the 4.5 micron band. We find that the times of minimum and maximum flux occur several hours earlier than predicted for an atmosphere in radiative equilibrium, consistent with the eastward advection of gas by an equatorial super-rotating jet. The locations of the flux minima in our new data differ from our previous observations at 8 micron, and we present new evidence indicating that the flux minimum observed in the 8 micron is likely caused by an over-shooting effect in the 8 micron array. We obtain improved estimates for HD 189733b's dayside planet-star flux ratio of 0.1466% +/- 0.0040% at 3.6 micron and 0.1787% +/- 0.0038% at 4.5 micron; these are the most accurate secondary eclipse depths obtained to date for an extrasolar planet. We compare our new dayside and nightside spectra for HD 189733b to the predictions of models from Burrows et al. (2008) and Showman et al. (2009). We find that HD 189733b's 4.5 micron nightside flux is 3.3 sigma smaller than predicted by the Showman et al. models, which assume that the chemistry is in local thermal equilibrium. We conclude that this discrepancy is best-explained by vertical mixing, which should lead to an excess of CO and correspondingly enhanced 4.5 micron absorption in this region. [abridged]

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