Interacting Cosmic Rays with Molecular Clouds: A Bremsstrahlung Origin of Diffuse High Energy Emission from the Inner 2deg by 1deg of the Galactic Center
F. Yusef-Zadeh, J. W. Hewitt, M. Wardle, V. Tatischeff, D. Roberts, W. Cotton, H. Uchiyama, M. Nobukawa, T. G. Tsuru, C. Heinke, M. Royster
备注:
51 pages, 12 figures, ApJ (in press) minor changes in equations 3, 4, 6, 7
The high energy activity in the inner few degrees of the Galactic center is traced by diffuse radio, X-ray and gamma-ray emission. The physical relationship between different components of diffuse gas emitting at multiple wavelengths is a focus of this work. We first present radio continuum observations using Green Bank Telescope and model the nonthermal spectrum in terms of a broken power-law distribution of GeV electrons emitting synchrotron radiation. We show that the emission detected by Fermi is primarily due to nonthermal bremsstrahlung produced by the population of synchrotron emitting electrons in the GeV energy range interacting with neutral gas. The extrapolation of the electron population measured from radio data to low and high energies can also explain the origin of FeI 6.4 keV line and diffuse TeV emission, as observed with Suzaku, XMM-Newton, Chandra and the H.E.S.S. observatories. The inferred physical quantities from modeling multi-wavelength emission in the context of bremsstrahlung emission from the inner 300x120 parsecs of the Galactic center are constrained to have the cosmic ray ionization rate 1-10x10^{-15} s^-1, molecular gas heating rate elevating the gas temperature to 75-200K, fractional ionization of molecular gas 10^{-6} to 10^{-5}, large scale magnetic field 10-20 micro Gauss, the density of diffuse and dense molecular gas 100 and 10^3 cm^{-3} over 300pc and 50pc pathlengths, and the variability of FeI Kalpha 6.4 keV line emission on yearly time scales. Important implications of our study are that GeV electrons emitting in radio can explain the GeV gamma-rays detected by Fermi and that the cosmic ray irradiation model, like the model of the X-ray irradiation triggered by past activity of Sgr A*, can also explain the origin of the variable 6.4 keV emission from Galactic center molecular clouds.
Fermi observations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus: gamma-ray diffuse emission in the outer Galaxy
我们利用费米大天区望远镜(LAT)的测量研究了银河系第二象限(100度< l < 145度和-15度< b < 30度)区域的星际伽马射线发射。这一区域包括仙后座、仙王座和北极星耀斑的黄金带云,以及几个旋臂中距离较远的大型原子和分子复合物。本地臂、英仙座臂和外臂之间的运动学速度分离良好,并且每个臂中都存在大质量的复合物,使得这个区域非常适合探测太阳圈以外的星际介质的伽马射线发射。LAT前所未有的灵敏度和角分辨率提供了更好的约束宇宙射线密度的梯度和增加的CO到H2的转换因子,Xco,在外星系。
Fermi observations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus: diffuse gamma-ray emission in the outer Galaxy
本文分析了费米大天区望远镜在银河系第二象限100度< l < 145度和-15度< b < +30度区域测量到的星际伽马射线辐射。这一区域包括仙后座、仙王座和北极星耀斑的显著的古尔德带云,以及更远距离的原子和分子复合体,如英仙座臂中与NGC 7538相关的复合体。而且每个星系中都存在大质量的复合体,这使得这个区域非常适合探测宇宙射线和太阳圈以外的星际介质。古尔德带中气体的伽马射线发射率光谱与基于当地测量的宇宙射线光谱的预期一致。伽马射线发射率从古尔德带到英仙座臂逐渐降低,但测量到的梯度比宇宙射线源在银河系内部达到峰值的预期要平坦,这一点由天文学家提出。我们发现Xco=N(H2)/W(CO)的转换因子从古尔德带的(0.87 +- 0.05)10^20 cm^-2(K km s^-1)^-1增加到英仙座臂的(1.9 +- 0.2)10^20 cm^-2(K km s^-1)^-1。在古尔德带中,通过相关的过量尘埃和伽马射线发射,发现了没有被无线电和微波探测正确追踪的暗气体:其质量约为CO追踪质量的50%。
Search for Point-Like Sources of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Improved Limit on the Diffuse Flux of Tau Neutrinos
皮埃尔·俄歇天文台的表面探测器阵列可以探测到能量在10^17 eV到10^20 eV之间的中微子,这些中微子来自于+55度以南和-65度以北的天空中的点状源。人们已经对大气中各种中微子相互作用(下行中微子)和地壳中τ中微子相互作用产生的τ轻子衰变(掠地中微子)产生的高度倾斜的大范围空气簇射进行了研究。截至2010年5月31日,在数据中没有发现候选中微子。这相当于全表面探测器阵列在掠地通道中的等效曝光时间约为3.5年,在下行通道中的等效曝光时间约为2年。导出了τ中微子扩散通量的一个改进的上限。从点源的中微子通量的上限已被推导出作为源decompensate的函数。假设来自点状源的中微子通量k_PS E ^-2为微分,则90% C. L。通过对掠地中微子和下行中微子的研究,在很宽的磁偏角范围内分别得到了k_PS的上限值约为5 x 10 ^-7和2.5 x 10 ^-6 GeV cm ^-2 s ^-1。
Energy Spectra of the Soft X-ray Diffuse Emission in Fourteen Fields Observed with Suzaku
本文介绍了用朱雀观测到的十二个场的软漫射X射线发射,以及以前分析中的另外两个场。所有的星系都有65度< l < 295度的星系角,以避免来自非常明亮的漫射源的贡献,该漫射源从银河系中心延伸至少30度。朱雀星9个观测场的表面亮度在统计上与ROSAT全天巡天(RASS)值一致,在R45波段的差异上限为17 x 10^{-6} c s^{-1} amin^{-2}。Ovii和Oviii的强度彼此之间有很好的相关性,Ovii的发射在约2个光子s^{-1} cm^{-2 str^{-1}(LU)处显示出强度下限。高纬度的Oviii辐射与地面上方过量的Ovii辐射有密切的相关性,(Oviii强度)= 0.5 x [(Ovii强度)-2 LU],这表明不同视线上的平均温度在约0.2 keV附近有一个狭窄的分布。我们认为Ovii的偏移强度来自太阳层太阳风的电荷交换,可能来自本地的热泡,而多余的Ovii(2-7 LU)是来自银河系更遥远的部分的发射。这个星系辐射的总辐射热光度估计为4 x 10^{39} erg s^{-1},其特征温度可能与银河系的维里温度有关。