Simulation of x-ray projection images plays an important role in cone beam CT (CBCT) related research projects. A projection image contains primary signal, scatter signal, and noise. It is computationally demanding to perform accurate and realistic computations for all of these components. In this work, we develop a package on GPU, called gDRR, for the accurate and efficient computations of x-ray projection images in CBCT under clinically realistic conditions. The primary signal is computed by a tri-linear ray-tracing algorithm. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is then performed, yielding the primary signal and the scatter signal, both with noise. A denoising process is applied to obtain a smooth scatter signal. The noise component is then obtained by combining the difference between the MC primary and the ray-tracing primary signals, and the difference between the MC simulated scatter and the denoised scatter signals. Finally, a calibration step converts the calculated noise signal into a realistic one by scaling its amplitude. For a typical CBCT projection with a poly-energetic spectrum, the calculation time for the primary signal is 1.2~2.3 sec, while the MC simulations take 28.1~95.3 sec. Computation time for all other steps is negligible. The ray-tracing primary signal matches well with the primary part of the MC simulation result. The MC simulated scatter signal using gDRR is in agreement with EGSnrc results with a relative difference of 3.8%. A noise calibration process is conducted to calibrate gDRR against a real CBCT scanner. The calculated projections are accurate and realistic, such that beam-hardening artifacts and scatter artifacts can be reproduced using the simulated projections. The noise amplitudes in the CBCT images reconstructed from the simulated projections also agree with those in the measured images at corresponding mAs levels.
COBRA2026: a large-scale multicenter pelvic cone-beam computed tomography projection dataset
University of Bern（伯尔尼大学）；LMU Munich（慕尼黑大学）；University Hospital of Cologne（科隆大学医院）；University Medical Center Utrecht（乌得勒支大学医学中心）；Medical University of Graz（格拉茨医科大学）；Lund University（隆德大学）；Skåne University Hospital（斯卡奈大学医院）
Complex Wavelet-Based Sinogram Segmentation for Metal Artifact Reduction in Cone-Beam CT
University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering（阿尔托大学电气工程学院）；Planmeca Oy（Planmeca公司）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）；Oulu University Hospital（奥卢大学医院）
