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arXiv 1202.5966astro-ph.GA
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模拟来自稠密星际云的尘埃发射:解开辐射转移和尘埃特性的影响

Modelling the dust emission from dense interstellar clouds: disentangling the effects of radiative transfer and dust properties

N. Ysard, M. Juvela, K. Demyk, V. Guillet, A. Abergel, J. -P. Bernard, J. Malinen, C. Mény, L. Montier, D. Paradis, I. Ristorcelli, L. Verstraete

摘要:

有了普朗克和赫歇尔,我们现在就有了观测稠密而寒冷的分子云所需的光谱覆盖范围和角分辨率。由于这些云在短波长处光学厚度大,而在长波长处光学厚度小,因此如果不对辐射转移(RT)进行适当处理,就很难对尘埃的性质做出任何结论。我们的目的是解开RT和灰尘的性质上的灰尘排放的变化的影响,提供观察员的关键分析所产生的排放从稠密的云。我们模拟圆柱形云,照明的ISRF,并进行全面的RT计算。使用DustEM解决了无定形碳和硅酸盐的尘埃温度,碳地幔覆盖的颗粒,以及碳和硅酸盐的混合聚集体。我们允许晶粒的光学性质随波长和温度的变化。我们确定观察到的色温,T,和发射率光谱指数,β,通过拟合的灰尘排放与修改后的黑体,比较我们的模型与观测。RT效应既不能解释低T,也不能解释在密集云中心测得的亚毫米级发射率增加,也不能解释观测到的β-T反相关。添加噪声的建模数据,我们表明,这是不太可能是唯一的解释β-T的反相关观测无星云。这可以解释为晶粒光学性质随温度的内在变化。至于增加的亚毫米发射率和低T,它们必须起源于颗粒光学性质的变化,可能是由它们的生长形成多孔聚集体引起的。我们发现很难从颗粒发射的光谱变化中追溯其性质。最后,柱密度被低估时,确定与黑体拟合,因为T和云中心的真实尘埃温度之间的差异。

英文摘要:

With Planck and Herschel, we now have the spectral coverage and angular resolution required to observe dense and cold molecular clouds. As these clouds are optically thick at short wavelength but optically thin at long wavelength, it is tricky to conclude anything about dust properties without a proper treatment of the radiative transfer (RT). Our aim is to disentangle the effects of RT and of dust properties on the variations in the dust emission to provide observers with keys to analyse the emission arising from dense clouds. We model cylindrical clouds, illuminated by the ISRF, and carry out full RT calculations. Dust temperatures are solved using DustEM for amorphous carbons and silicates, grains coated with carbon mantles, and mixed aggregates of carbon and silicate. We allow variations of the grain optical properties with wavelength and temperature. We determine observed colour temperatures, T, and emissivity spectral indices, beta, by fitting the dust emission with modified blackbodies, to compare our models with observations. RT effects can neither explain the low T nor the increased submm emissivity measured at the centre of dense clouds, nor the observed beta-T anti-correlation. Adding noise to the modelled data, we show that it is not likely to be the unique explanation for the beta-T anti-correlation observed in starless clouds. It may be explained by intrinsic variations in the grain optical properties with temperature. As for the increased submm emissivity and the low T, they have to originate in variations in the grain optical properties, probably caused by their growth to form porous aggregates. We find it difficult to track back the nature of grains from the spectral variations in their emission. Finally, the column density is underestimated when determined with blackbody fitting because of the discrepancy between T and the true dust temperature at the cloud centre.

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