J. M. Borrero, V. Martinez Pillet, R. Schlichenmaier, W. Schmidt, T. Berkefeld, S. K. Solanki, J. A. Bonet, J. C. del Toro Iniesta, V. Domingo, P. Barthol, A. Gandorfer
备注：
14 pages; 7 figures; to appear in the proceedings of the Hinode-4 meeting: "Unsolved Problems and Recent Insights". Editors: L.R. Bellot Rubio, F. Reale, and M. Carlsson; ASP Conference Series, 2012, vol 455. Astronomical Society of the Pacific
在这篇文章中，我们描述了一些最近的观测高速磁化流在安静的太阳颗粒。这些观测是用平流层气球{ \sc日出}上的成像磁仪实验进行的，具有前所未有的空间分辨率和时间节奏。这些流动被识别为高度移位的圆偏振（Stokes $V$）信号。我们估计造成这些位移的LOS速度大于6 km/s $^{-1}$，因此我们称它们为{ \it超音速磁场流}。探测到的事件的平均寿命为81.3 s，它们占据的平均面积约为23\,000 km $^2$。大多数事件发生在颗粒细胞内，因此对应于上流。然而，其他一些发生在颗粒间通道或承担没有明确的关系，对流速度模式。我们分析了一些有代表性的例子，并讨论他们的磁回路，重联事件，对流坍缩。
英文摘要：
In this contribution we describe some recent observations of high-speed magnetized flows in the quiet Sun granulation. These observations were carried out with the Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment (IMaX) onboard the stratospheric balloon {\sc Sunrise}, and possess an unprecedented spatial resolution and temporal cadence. These flows were identified as highly shifted circular polarization (Stokes $V$) signals. We estimate the LOS velocity responsible for these shifts to be larger than 6 km s$^{-1}$, and therefore we refer to them as {\it supersonic magnetic flows}. The average lifetime of the detected events is 81.3 s and they occupy an average area of about 23\,000 km$^2$. Most of the events occur within granular cells and correspond therefore to upflows. However some others occur in intergranular lanes or bear no clear relation to the convective velocity pattern. We analyze a number of representative examples and discuss them in terms of magnetic loops, reconnection events, and convective collapse.
In this work we study a class of recently discovered metrewave solar transients referred to as Weak Impulsive Narrowband Quiet Sun Emission \citep[WINQSEs,][]{mondal2020}. Their strength is a few percent of the quiet Sun background and are characterised by their very impulsive, narrow-band and ubiquitous presence in quiet Sun regions. \citet{mondal2020} hypothesised that these emissions might be the radio counterparts of the nanoflares and their potential significance warrants detailed studies. Here we present an analysis of data from an extremely quiet time and with an improved methodology ov…
While the quiet Sun magnetic field shows only little variation with the solar cycle, long-term variations cannot be completely ruled out from first principles. We investigate the potential effect of quiet Sun magnetism on spectral solar irradiance through a series of small-scale dynamo simulations with zero vertical flux imbalance ($\langle B_z\rangle=0$) and varying levels of small-scale magnetic field strength, and one weak network case with an additional flux imbalance corresponding to a flux density of $\langle B_z\rangle=100$ G. From these setups we compute the dependence of the outgoing …
Observations of Supersonic Downflows Near the Umbra-Penumbra Boundary of Sunspots as Revealed by Hinode
Hinode的高分辨率分光偏振观测揭示了3个太阳黑子的本影-半影边界处存在超音速下降流，这是Louis等人（2010年）最近报道的。观察到这些下行流与明亮的半影细丝共空间，并占据大于1.6弧秒$^2$的面积。它们位于中心侧的半影，与太阳黑子具有相同的极性，这表明它们与Evershed Flow无关。在本文中，我们描述了在NOAA AR 10923中观测到的超声速，并讨论了光球以及色球增亮，这是靠近下降区。我们的观测结果表明，这种现象是由动态和充满活力的物理过程中的内部半影影响上覆的色球层，从而提供了新的见解太阳黑子的数值模型。
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of a quiet-Sun region at a wavelength of 3 mm, obtained during the first solar ALMA cycle on April 27, 2017, and compare them with available chromospheric observations in the UV and visible as well as with photospheric magnetograms. ALMA images clearly reveal the presence of distinct particularly dark/cool areas in the millimeter maps having temperatures as low as 60% of the normal quiet Sun at 3 mm, which are not seen in the other data. We speculate that ALMA is sensing cool chromospheric gas, whose presence had earli…
Observations of Supersonic Downflows in a Sunspot Light Bridge as Revealed by Hinode
最近从Hinode进行的高分辨率分光偏振观测发现了太阳黑子光桥中超音速下降流的存在（Louis等人，2009年）。这些下降流发生在局部补丁，接近该领域的方位角改变了一个大的值。这种明显的方位不连续性是沿着光桥西部边缘的一条薄脊看到的。其中一些（但不是全部）下流斑块与Ca II H滤光图中看到的色球亮度增强是同空间的。在0.3弧秒尺度下的磁场不均匀性的存在，可能有助于在较低的色球层中磁力线的重联，其特征可能是已经观察到的超音速下降流和亮度增强。
Recent IRIS observations have revealed a prevalence of intermittent small-scale jets with apparent speeds of 80 - 250 km s$^{-1}$, emanating from small-scale bright regions inside network boundaries of coronal holes. We find that these network jets appear not only in coronal holes but also in quiet-sun regions. Using IRIS 1330A (C II) slit-jaw images, we extract several parameters of these network jets, e.g. apparent speed, length, lifetime and increase in foot-point brightness. Using several observations, we find that some properties of the jets are very similar but others are obviously diffe…
The magnetic fields of the quiet Sun cover at any time more than 90\% of its surface and their magnetic energy budget is crucial to explain the thermal structure of the solar atmosphere. One of the possible origins of these fields is due to the action of local dynamo in the upper convection zone of the Sun. Existing simulations of the local solar dynamo require an initial seed field, and sufficiently high spatial resolution, in order to achieve the amplification of the seed field to the observed values in the quiet Sun. Here we report an alternative model of seeding based on the action of the …
The second law of thermodynamics imposes an increase of macroscopic entropy with time in an isolated system. Microscopically, however, the entropy production can be negative for a single, microscopic realization of a thermodynamic process. The so-called fluctuation theorems provide exact relations between the stochastic entropy consumption and generation. Here, we analyse pixel-to-pixel fluctuations in time of small-scale magnetic fields (SSMF) in the quiet Sun observed with the SDO/HMI instrument. We demonstrate that entropy generated by SSMF obeys the fluctuation theorems. In particular, the…
Supersonic Magnetic Upflows in Granular Cells Observed with Sunrise/IMaX
利用“日出”平流层气球望远镜上的IMaX仪器，我们探测到了太阳光球层颗粒内Fe I 5250.217谱线周围极移的偏振信号。我们解释与这些事件相对应的超音速和磁上升流的速度。此外，它们还与相反极性和高度倾斜的磁场的出现有关。这表明，它们是通过颗粒上升流重新连接新兴的磁环而产生的。这些事件占据的平均面积为0.046弧秒$^2$，持续约80秒，较大的事件具有较长的寿命。这些超音速事件以每秒每角秒$^{2}$发生$1.3\times10^{-5}$的速率发生。
Standard statistical analysis of the magnetic properties of the quiet Sun rely on simple histograms of quantities inferred from maximum-likelihood estimations. Because of the inherent degeneracies, either intrinsic or induced by the noise, this approach is not optimal and can lead to highly biased results. We carry out a meta-analysis of the magnetism of the quiet Sun from Hinode observations using a hierarchical probabilistic method. This model allows us to infer the statistical properties of the magnetic field vector over the observed field-of-view consistently taking into account the uncert…
Turbulent convection efficiently transports energy up to the solar photosphere, but its multi-scale nature and dynamic properties are still not fully understood. Several works in the literature have investigated the emergence of patterns of convective and magnetic nature in the quiet Sun at spatial and temporal scales from granular to global. Aims. To shed light on the scales of organisation at which turbulent convection operates, and its relationship with the magnetic flux therein, we studied characteristic spatial and temporal scales of magnetic features in the quiet Sun. Methods. Thanks to …
This work presents a systematic investigation of the influence of weather conditions on the calibration errors by using Gaussian fitness, least chi-square linear fitness and wavelet transform to analyze the calibration coefficients from observations of the Chinese Solar Broadband Radio Spectrometers (at frequency bands of 1.0-2.0 GHz, 2.6-3.8 GHz, and 5.2-7.6 GHz) during 1997-2007. We found that calibration coefficients are influenced by the local air temperature. Considering the temperature correction, the calibration error will reduce by about $10\%-20\%$ at 2800 MHz. Based on the above inve…
We carried out a statistical study of the `quiet' solar corona during the descending phase of the sunspot cycle 24 (i.e. 2015 January - 2019 May) using data obtained with the Gauribidanur RAdioheliograPH (GRAPH) at 53 MHz and 80 MHz simultaneously. Our results show that the equatorial (east-west) diameters of the solar corona at the above two frequencies shrunk steadily. The decrease was found to be due to a gradual reduction in the coronal electron density ($N_{e}$). Independent estimates of $N_{e}$ in the equatorial region of the `background' corona using white-light coronagraph observations…
Observation of High-speed Outflow on Plume-like Structures of the Quiet Sun and Coronal Holes with SDO/AIA
太阳动力学天文台（SDO）上的大气成像组件（AIA）的观测结果显示，在平静的太阳大气层的磁化区域中，存在着无处不在的间歇性外流（喷流），其平均速率约为120 km s-1，温度通常超过100万度。这些外流并不局限于在极冕洞中可见的羽流，也存在于源自赤道冕洞和宁静太阳区域的羽流状结构中。在整个大气层的“羽流间”区域也可以看到外流。此外，在羽流和羽流间区域的这些流动追踪出的结构不断表现出横向（Alfvenic）运动。我们的发现表明，高速外流主要来自安静的太阳和日冕洞的磁网络，并且所观察到的羽流被其中包含的密度更大的等离子体所突出。这些外流可能是一个有效的手段，提供加热的质量进入日冕，并作为一个重要的来源，质量供应的太阳风。我们证明，安静的太阳羽流有时会显着污染相邻冕洞的光谱观测-极大地影响观测到的多普勒频移，从而可能影响这些地区的重大调查。
We study the relation between mesogranular flows, convectively driven sinks and magnetic fields using high spatial resolution spectropolarimetric data acquired with the Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment on board Sunrise. We obtain the horizontal velocity flow fields of two quiet-Sun regions (31.2 $\times$ 31.2 Mm$^{2}$) via local correlation tracking. Mesogranular lanes and the central position of sinks are identified using Lagrange tracers. We find $6.7\times10^{-2}$ sinks per Mm$^{2}$ in the two observed regions. The sinks are located at the mesogranular vertices and turn out to be associated …
In this paper, we propose that the accelerated electrons in the quiet Sun could collide with the solar atmosphere to emit Hard X-rays (HXRs) via non-thermal bremsstrahlung, while some of these electrons would move upwards and escape into the interplanetary medium, to form a superhalo electron population measured in the solar wind. After considering the electron energy loss due to Coulomb collisions and the ambipolar electrostatic potential, we find that the sources of the superhalo could only occur high in the corona (at a heliocentric altitude $\gtrsim 1.9$ R$_\odot$ (the mean radius of the S…
Identification of the mechanisms responsible for heating the solar chromosphere and corona remains an outstanding problem, one of great relevance to late-type stars as well. There has been tremendous progress in the past decade, largely driven by new instruments, new observations, and sophisticated modeling efforts. Despite this progress, gaps remain. We briefly discuss the need for radio coverage of the 3D solar atmosphere and discuss the requirements.
We report spectropolarimetric observations of a supersonic downflow impacting the lower atmosphere within a large sunspot umbra. This work is an extension of Schad et al. 2016 using observations acquired in the He I 10830 Angstrom triplet by the Facility Infrared Spectropolarimeter. Downflowing material accelerating along a cooled coronal loop reaches peak speeds near 200 km s$^{-1}$ and exhibits both high speed emission and absorption within the umbra, which we determine to be a consequence of the strong height dependence of the radiatively-controlled source function above the sunspot umbra. …
Radio emission of the quiet Sun is considered to be due to thermal bremsstrahlung emission of the hot solar atmosphere. The properties of the quiet Sun in the microwave band have been well studied, and they can be well described by the spectrum of bremsstrahlung emission. In the meter-wave and decameter-wave bands, properties of the quiet Sun have rarely been studied due to the instrumental limitations. In this work, we use the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) telescope to perform high quality interferometric imaging spectroscopy observations of quiet Sun coronal emission at frequencies below 90~MH…
The focus of this investigation is to quantify the conversion of magnetic to thermal energy initiated by a quiet Sun cancellation event and to explore the resulting dynamics from the interaction of the opposite polarity magnetic features. We used imaging spectroscopy in the H$α$ line, along with spectropolarimetry in the \ion{Fe}{I} 6173~Å and \ion{Ca}{II} 8542~Å lines from the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST) to study a reconnection-related cancellation and the appearance of a quiet Sun Ellerman bomb (QSEB). We observed, for the first time, QSEB signature in both the wings and core of the \ion{F…
Pervasive Linear Polarization Signals in the Quiet Sun
本文利用超深偏振光谱数据研究了宁静太阳网络中线偏振信号的分布。我们减少噪音的意见，尽可能多的是可行的，通过增加单缝测量塞曼敏感的Fe I 630 nm线所采取的日出分光偏振仪。积分斯托克斯光谱用于确定由线偏振信号覆盖的视场的分数。我们发现，在盘中心，高达69%的安静太阳表面显示出振幅大于0.032%的斯托克斯Q或U轮廓（是较长积分所达到的7 x 10^{-5}噪声水平的4.5倍）。在大多数安静的太阳中，仅仅存在线性偏振就意味着弱的网络间场必须高度倾斜，但是我们通过将这些像素与斯托克斯Q或U信号反转来量化这一点。这允许场倾斜、场强度和场方位角的精确确定，因为同时使用所有四个斯托克斯光谱所携带的信息。在1.3 x 10^{-4}的噪声水平下，对53%的观测视场进行反演。因此，导出的磁场分布代表了安静的太阳互联网的一半以上。我们的研究结果证实了从以前的分析中得出的结论，主要使用斯托克斯I和V：互联网络领域是非常倾斜的，但除了在方位角，他们似乎不是各向同性分布。
The goal of this paper is to apply statistical methods to determine electrons densities and their errors from measurements of density-sensitive line intensities in the quiet Sun. Three methods are employed. The first is the use of L-function plots to provide a quick visual assessment of the likelihood that a set of line intensities can provide a robust estimate of these quantities. A second methods involves a chi-squared minimization together with a prescription for determining the regions of statistical confidence in addition to the best-fitting value. A third method uses a Bayesian inference…
We analyzed ground-based low frequency ($<$100\,MHz) radio spectral and imaging data of the solar corona obtained with the facilities in the Gauribidanur observatory during the same time as the very weak soft X-ray flares (sub A-class, flux $\rm {<}10^{-7}\,Wm^{-2}$ in the 1\,-\,8\,$\rm Å$ wavelength range) from the `quiet' Sun observed with the X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM) onboard Chandrayaan-2 during the recent solar minimum. Non-thermal type I radio burst activity were noticed in close temporal association with the X-ray events. The estimated brightness temperature ($T_{b}$) of the bursts at a…
Results of solar observations at 20 and 25 MHz by the UTR-2 (\textit{Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope of the second modification}) radio telescope in the interferometric session from 27 May to 2 June 2014 are presented. In such a case the different baselines 225, 450, and 675 m between sections of East--West and North--South arms of the radio telescope UTR-2 were used. On 29 May 2014, strong sporadic radio emission consisting of Type III, a Type II and a Type IV bursts was observed. On other days there was no solar radio activity in the decameter range. We discuss the results of observations…
Small-scale internetwork (IN) features are thought to be the major source of fresh magnetic flux in the quiet Sun. During its first science flight in 2009, the balloon-borne observatory Sunrise captured images of the magnetic fields in the quiet Sun at a high spatial resolution. Using these data we measure the rate at which the IN features bring magnetic flux to the solar surface. In a previous paper it was found that the lowest magnetic flux in small-scale features detected using the Sunrise observations is 9 x 10^14 Mx. This is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest fluxes of…
Aims. The main aim of the present analysis is to decipher (i) the small-scale bright features in solar images of the quiet Sun and active regions obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and (ii) the ALMA correspondence of various known chromospheric structures visible in the H-alpha images of the Sun. Methods. Small-scale ALMA bright features in the quiet Sun region were analyzed using single-dish ALMA observations (1.21 mm, 248 GHz) and in an active region using interferometric ALMA measurements (3 mm, 100 GHz). With the single-dish observations, a full-disk sola…
