We study a model in which supermassive black holes (SMBHs) can grow by the combined action of gas accretion on heavy seeds and mergers of both heavy (m_s^h=10^5 Msol) and light (m_s^l = 10^2 Msol) seeds. The former result from the direct collapse of gas in T_s^h >1.5x10^4K, H_2-free halos; the latter are the endproduct of a standard H_2-based star formation process. The H_2-free condition is attained by exposing halos to a strong (J_21 > 10^3) Lyman-Werner UV background produced by both accreting BHs and stars, thus establishing a self-regulated growth regime. We find that this condition is met already at z close to 18 in the highly biased regions in which quasars are born. The key parameter allowing the formation of SMBHs by z=6-7 is the fraction of halos that can form heavy seeds: the minimum requirement is that f_heavy>0.001; SMBH as large as 2x10^10 Msol can be obtained when f_heavy approaches unity. Independently of f_heavy, the model produces a high-z stellar bulge-black hole mass relation which is steeper than the local one, implying that SMBHs formed before their bulge was in place. The formation of heavy seeds, allowed by the Lyman-Werner radiative feedback in the quasar-forming environment, is crucial to achieve a fast growth of the SMBH by merger events in the early phases of its evolution, i.e. z>7. The UV photon production is largely dominated by stars in galaxies, i.e. black hole accretion radiation is sub-dominant. Interestingly, we find that the final mass of light BHs and of the SMBH in the quasar is roughly equal by z=6; by the same time only 19% of the initial baryon content has been converted into stars. The SMBH growth is dominated at all epochs z > 7.2 by mergers (exceeding accretion by a factor 2-50); at later times accretion becomes by far the most important growth channel. We finally discuss possible shortcomings of the model.
Spectropolarimetric efforts in the last few years have provided an efficient method that is based on the profiles of the polarization plane position angle of broad emission lines in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Here we present black hole measurements of SBS 1419+538 using spectropolarimetric observations in the Mg II spectral band. The observations are performed by 6m telescope of SAO RAS using SCORPIO-2. We found a good agreement for the estimated supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass for this object using spectropolarimetry when compared with the mass obtained using other methods.
We propose a novel source of gravitational wave emission: the inspirals of compact fragments inside primordial supermassive stars (SMSs). Such systems are thought to be an essential channel in the as-yet little understood formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). One model suggests that high accretion rates of $0.1$-1 M$_\odot$/yr attainable in atomically-cooled primordial halos can lead to the formation of a nuclear-burning SMS. This will ultimately undergo collapse through a relativistic instability, leaving a massive BH remnant. Recent simulations suggest that supermassive stars rarely…
A supermassive black hole has been found at the centre of nearly every galaxy observed with sufficient sensitivity. The masses of these black holes are observed to increase with either the total mass or the mean (random) velocity of the stars in their host galaxies. The origin of these correlations remains elusive. Observational systematics and biases severely limit our knowledge of the local demography of supermassive black holes thus preventing accurate model comparisons and progress in this field. Here we show that the large-scale spatial distribution of local active galactic nuclei (AGN), …
In this paper, we explore the possibility of accreting primordial black holes as the source of heating for the collapsing gas in the context of the direct collapse black hole scenario for the formation of super-massive black holes (SMBHs) at high redshifts, $z\sim 6-7$. One of the essential requirements for the direct collapse model to work is to maintain the temperature of the in falling gas at $\approx 10^4$ K. We show that even under the existing abundance limits, the primordial black holes of masses $\gtrsim 10^{-2} \ {\rm M}_\odot$, can heat the collapsing gas to an extent that the ${\rm …
The existence of supermassive black holes at high redshifts ($z\sim7$) is difficult to accommodate in standard astrophysical scenarios. It has been shown that dark matter models with a subdominant self-interacting component are able to produce early seeds for supermassive black holes through the gravothermal catastrophe. Previous studies used a fluid equation approach, requiring some limiting assumptions. Here we reconsider the problem using $N$-body gravitational simulations starting from the formation of the initial dark matter halo. We consider both elastic and dissipative scattering, and e…
Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars
超大质量黑洞是星系演化的关键因素。然而，其起源仍有很大争议。在一个主要的形成场景中，$\sim100$ M $_{\odot}$黑洞是由超大质量恒星（$\gtrsim 10^{4-5}$ M $_{\odot}$）的内核坍塌造成的，该恒星是由原始气体在$z\sim 15$新形成的星系中心快速积累（$\gtrsim 0.1 $ M $_{\odot}$ yr $^{-1}$）而产生的。随后的演化仍然是推测性的：超大质量恒星中剩余的气体可以直接进入新生的黑洞，或者它的一部分可以形成一个中央吸积盘，其光度维持周围的大质量和几乎流体静力学的包络（称为“准星”的系统）。为了解决这一点，我们考虑了旋转对准恒星的影响，因为角动量不可避免地被积累的气体输送到星系核。使用一个模型的内部重新分配的角动量，定性匹配的结果从模拟旋转对流恒星信封，我们表明，准恒星的信封质量大于几个$10^{5}$ M $_{\odot} \times (\rm black~hole~mass/100 M_{\odot})^{0.82}$有高度次开普勒气体运动在其核心，防止气体循环外的黑洞的视界。质量较小的类恒星可能会形成，但在吸积光度解开包层之前，它们只能持续$\lesssim 10^4$年，从而抑制黑洞的生长。我们推测，这可能最终导致一个双黑洞种子人口：（i）大规模（$>10^{4}$ M $_{\odot}$）种子形成…
Supermassive black hole binary mergers generate a stochastic gravitational wave background detectable by pulsar timing arrays. While the amplitude of this background is subject to significant uncertainties, the frequency dependence is a robust prediction of general relativity. We show that the effects of new forces beyond the Standard Model can modify this prediction and introduce unique features into the spectral shape. In particular, we consider the possibility that black holes in binaries are charged under a new long-range force, and we find that pulsar timing arrays are capable of robustly…
The very careful Event Horizon Telescope estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Giant CD galaxy M87, allied with recent high quality photometric and spectroscopic measurements, yields a proper dark/luminous mass decomposition from the galaxy center to its virial radius. That provides us with decisive information on crucial cosmological and astrophysical issues. The dark and the standard matter distributions in a wide first time detected galaxy region under the supermassive black hole gravitational control. The well known supermassive black hole mass vs stellar…
We study the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) observed in the galactic centers. Although the origin of SMBHs has not been well understood yet, previous studies suggest that seed black holes (BHs) with masses $10^{4-5}M_\odot$ exist at a high redshift ($z \sim 10$). We examine whether primordial black holes (PBHs) produced by inhomogeneous baryogenesis can explain those seed black holes. The inhomogeneous baryogenesis is realized in the modified Affleck-Dine mechanism. In this scenario, there is no stringent constraint from CMB $μ$-distortion in contrast to the scenario where Gaussian fluctuati…
