目标。我们研究的一个子集的行星人口的特点是HARPS和开普勒调查。我们比较了m.sin i >5-10 M_Earth和R>2 R_Earth系统中行星的统计性质。如果我们假设潜在的种群具有相同的特征,那么相对于视线的轨道倾角的不同检测灵敏度允许我们探测行星的相互倾角。方法.我们考虑了HARPS数据所指示的具有一颗、两颗和三颗行星的系统的频率。我们使用开普勒的行星周期和主机的质量和半径分布(从检测偏差校正)模型行星系在一个简单的物理合理的方式。然后,我们根据不同的规定(完全对齐,瑞利分布和各向同性)改变系统中行星之间的相互倾斜,并将一个,两个或三个行星的过境频率与开普勒测量的频率进行比较。结果结果表明,这两个数据集是兼容的,一个显着的结果,特别是因为没有可调旋钮以外的假设倾斜分布。对于7-10 M_Earth的m.sin i截止值,这是预期对应于2 R_Earth的半径截止值的那些,我们得出结论,用具有1度或更小模式的瑞利分布来描述结果更好。我们表明,最适合的情况下,只有成为一个瑞利分布模式的5度,如果我们假设一个相当极端的质量半径关系的行星人口。结论.这些结果有重要的后果,我们的理解的作用,几个建议的形成和演变机制。他们证实了行星很可能是在一个圆盘中形成的,并表明大多数行星系在没有强烈角动量交换的情况下安静地演化。
英文摘要:
Aims. We study a subset of the planetary population characterized both by HARPS and Kepler surveys. We compare the statistical properties of planets in systems with m.sin i >5-10 M_Earth and R>2 R_Earth. If we assume that the underlying population has the same characteristics, the different detection sensitivity to the orbital inclination relative to the line of sight allows us to probe the planets' mutual inclination.
Methods. We considered the frequency of systems with one, two and three planets as dictated by HARPS data. We used Kepler's planetary period and host mass and radii distributions (corrected from detection bias) to model planetary systems in a simple yet physically plausible way. We then varied the mutual inclination between planets in a system according to different prescriptions (completely aligned, Rayleigh distributions and isotropic) and compared the transit frequencies with one, two or three planets with those measured by Kepler.
Results. The results show that the two datasets are compatible, a remarkable result especially because there are no tunable knobs other than the assumed inclination distribution. For m.sin i cutoffs of 7-10 M_Earth, which are those expected to correspond to the radius cutoff of 2 R_Earth, we conclude that the results are better described by a Rayleigh distribution with mode of 1 deg or smaller. We show that the best-fit scenario only becomes a Rayleigh distribution with mode of 5 deg if we assume a rather extreme mass-radius relationship for the planetary population.
Conclusions. These results have important consequences for our understanding of the role of several proposed formation and evolution mechanisms. They confirm that planets are likely to have been formed in a disk and show that most planetary systems evolve quietly without strong angular momentum exchanges (abridged).
The HARPS search for southern extrasolar planets: XXXIII. New multi-planet systems in the HARPS volume limited sample: a super-Earth and a Neptune in the habitable zone
Tracking Advanced Planetary Systems (TAPAS) with HARPS-N. III. HD 5583 and BD+15 2375 - two cool giants with warm companions
演化恒星是理解行星形成机制对恒星质量的依赖性和深入探索恒星-行星相互作用机制的关键。在过去的十年中,我们已经监测了大约1000颗进化恒星的径向速度变化,以寻找宾夕法尼亚州立大学-托伦天文学行星搜索中心的Hobby-Eberly望远镜下的低质量同伴。根据TAPAS项目,在3.6米国家伽利略望远镜上使用HARPS-N跟踪了需要更高RV精度测量的选定潜在候选者。我们的目标是探测演化恒星周围的行星系,以便能够对这些系统的频率和内在性质进行合理的统计,并对选定的行星系进行深入研究,并提供恒星-行星相互作用过程的证据。对于HD 5583,我们使用Hobby-Eberly望远镜(HET)在2313天内收集了14个时期的精确RV测量数据,并在976天内收集了22个时期的超精确HARPS-N数据。对于BD+15 2375,我们收集了超过3286天的24个HET数据和超过902天的25个HARPS-S数据。我们报告发现了两个行星质量物体绕两颗演化的红巨星运行:HD~5583在0.529天文单位处有一个近圆轨道的伴星,它的轨道半径为5.78 M,轨道半径为$_{J}$(e=0.076),是用RV技术探测到的一颗巨星最近的伴星,BD+15~2735,它的m sin i= 1.06 M $_{J}$保持着迄今为止发现的最轻行星绕演化恒星运行的记录(在圆e=0.001,0.576 AU的轨道上)。这是TAPA…
We analyze the CORALIE/HARPS sample of exoplanets (Mayor et al. 2011) found by the Doppler radial velocity method for signs of the predicted "desert" at 10-$100 M_\odot$ caused by runaway gas accretion at semimajor axes of $< 3\,$AU. We find that these data are not consistent with this prediction. This result is similar to the finding by the MOA gravitational microlensing survey that found no desert in the exoplanet distribution for exoplanets in slightly longer period orbits and somewhat lower host masses (Suzuki et al. 2018). Together, these results imply that the runaway accretion scenario …
Tracking Advanced Planetary Systems (TAPAS) with HARPS-N. V.: A Massive Jupiter orbiting the very low metallicity giant star BD+03 2562 and a possible planet around HD~103485
我们提出了两个演变的恒星从TAPAS(跟踪高级行星系)与HARPS-N项目致力于RV精密测量的候选人在宾夕法尼亚州-托伦天文学行星搜索中心。具有行星的演化恒星对于理解行星形成机制对母恒星质量和金属丰度的依赖性以及研究恒星-行星相互作用至关重要。本文基于精确的径向速度(RV)测量,对于HD 103485,我们使用Hobby-Eberly望远镜及其高分辨率光谱仪收集了3317天的57个历元,以及919天的18个超精密HARPS-N数据。对于BD+03 2562,我们收集了超过3380天的46个HET数据和超过919天的19个HARPS-N数据。我们提出的数据分析和搜索RV信号和恒星活动,恒星自转和光度变化之间的相关性。根据现有的数据,我们解释的RV变化测量在两颗恒星开普勒运动。这两颗恒星的质量都接近太阳(1.11和1.14),金属丰度非常低([Fe/H]=-0.50和-0.71),并且都有木星的行星质量伴星(m sin i=7和6.4 Mj),在接近地球的轨道(1.4和1.3~au),具有中等的离心率(e=0.34和0.2)。然而,我们不能完全排除在HD~103485的情况下的信号是由于活动区的旋转调制。根据目前的数据,我们得出结论,BD+03 2562有一个真正的行星伴星,而对于HD 103485,我们不能完全排除RV信号调制的最佳解释不是行星的存在,而是恒星活动。如果,解释仍然是这…
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXIV. Companions to HD 85390, HD 90156 and HD 103197: A Neptune analogue and two intermediate mass planets
We present high-precision radial velocities (RVs) from the HARPS-N spectrograph for HD79210 and HD79211, two M0V members of a gravitationally-bound binary system. We detect a planet candidate with a period of $24.421^{+0.016}_{-0.017}$ days around HD79211 in these HARPS-N RVs, validating the planet candidate originally identified in CARMENES RV data alone. Using HARPS-N, CARMENES and HIRES RVs spanning a total of 25 years, we further refine the planet candidate parameters to $P=24.422\pm0.014$ days, $K=3.19\pm0.27$ m/s, $M$ sin $i = 10.6 \pm 1.2 M_\oplus$, and $a = 0.142 \pm0.005$ au. We do no…
K2空间观测最近发现,三个超级地球过境附近的M矮星K2-3。其主星的视亮度和较小的物理半径使这些行星成为最有利于后续表征的行星。这颗外行星的轨道靠近可居住区的内边缘,可能成为第一批使用透射光谱法搜索生物标志物的系外行星之一。我们用HARPS测速仪来测量行星的质量。行星$b$的质量是$8.4\pm2.1$ M $_\oplus$,而我们对行星$c$和$d$的测定受到恒星活动的影响。行星$b$的密度为$4.32^{+2.0}_{-0.76}$ $\mathrm{g\;cm^{-3}}$,可能大部分是岩石,但它可能含有高达50%的水。
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXVII. Up to seven planets orbiting HD 10180: probing the architecture of low-mass planetary systems
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXXIV. A planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ163, with a super-Earth possibly in the habitable zone
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXX. Planetary systems around stars with solar-like magnetic cycles and short-term activity variation
The RoPES project with HARPS and HARPS-N III. Two candidate planets orbiting the G-type star HD 161098
Light Bridges S.L.(Light Bridges有限公司);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利群岛天体物理研究所);Universidad de La Laguna(拉古纳大学);Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas(西班牙高等科学研究委员会);Università di Padova(帕多瓦大学);Université de Genève(日内瓦大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学)
Planet Hunters: Assessing the Kepler Inventory of Short Period Planets
我们提出的结果,从开普勒科学任务的前33.5天(季度1)的系外行星过境的行星猎人公民科学项目的数据搜索。行星猎人招募公众成员通过万维网在公开发布的开普勒光变曲线中视觉识别凌日。超过24,000名志愿者审查了开普勒第一季度的数据集。我们根据行星猎人的探测结果,研究了短周期(< 15天)轨道上\geq 2 R \oplus行星的丰度。我们提出了这些结果,以及人类分类器的检测效率的分析,以确定行星过境,包括比较开普勒清单的行星候选人。虽然性能下降迅速为较小的半径,\geq 4 R \oplus行星猎人\geq 85%的效率确定过境信号的行星周期小于15天的开普勒样本的目标恒星。我们对模拟凌日的高效率以及对大多数开普勒\geq 4 R \oplus行星的恢复表明,开普勒对\geq 4 R \oplus短周期行星的库存接近完成。
Context. The high number of super-Earth and Earth-like planets in the habitable zone (HZ) detected around M-dwarf stars in the last years has revealed these stellar objects to be the key for planetary radial velocity (RV) searches. Aims. Using the HARPS-N spectrograph within The HArps-n red Dwarf Exoplanet Survey (HADES) we reach the precision needed to detect small planets with a few Earth masses using the RV technique. Methods. We obtained 138 HARPS-N RV measurements between 2013 May and 2020 September of GJ 720 A, classified as an M0.5V star located at a distance of 15.56 pc. To characteriz…