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arXiv 1202.1293cond-mat.supr-concond-mat.str-el
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固态系统中Majorana费米子研究的新方向

New directions in the pursuit of Majorana fermions in solid state systems

Jason Alicea

摘要:

1937年马约拉纳费米子的理论发现-其定义性质是它们是自己的反粒子-此后影响了从中微子物理和暗物质搜索到分数量子霍尔效应和超导性的各种问题。尽管历史悠久,但对马约拉纳费米子的明确观测仍然是一个突出的目标。这篇评论文章强调了最近在马约拉纳的凝聚态物质搜索方面的进展,这些进展使该领域的许多人相信这一探索可能很快就会取得成果。我们首先介绍一些详细的异国情调的“拓扑”一维和二维超导体,支持马约拉纳费米子在其边界和涡旋。然后,我们转向在过去几年中出现的关键见解之一,即,它是可能的“工程师”这样的异国情调的超导体在实验室中形成适当的异质结构与普通的s波超导体。基于不同的材料,如拓扑绝缘体,传统的半导体,铁磁金属,和许多其他的,讨论了这种类型的许多建议。所有重要的问题,如何实验检测马约拉纳费米子在这些设置,然后解决。我们专注于三类测量,提供烟枪马约拉纳签名:隧道,约瑟夫森效应,干涉。最后,我们讨论了凝聚态物质马约拉纳费米子最显着的性质-非阿贝尔交换统计,他们产生的量子计算和相关的潜力。

英文摘要:

The 1937 theoretical discovery of Majorana fermions--whose defining property is that they are their own anti-particles--has since impacted diverse problems ranging from neutrino physics and dark matter searches to the fractional quantum Hall effect and superconductivity. Despite this long history the unambiguous observation of Majorana fermions nevertheless remains an outstanding goal. This review article highlights recent advances in the condensed matter search for Majorana that have led many in the field to believe that this quest may soon bear fruit. We begin by introducing in some detail exotic `topological' one- and two-dimensional superconductors that support Majorana fermions at their boundaries and at vortices. We then turn to one of the key insights that arose during the past few years; namely, that it is possible to `engineer' such exotic superconductors in the laboratory by forming appropriate heterostructures with ordinary s-wave superconductors. Numerous proposals of this type are discussed, based on diverse materials such as topological insulators, conventional semiconductors, ferromagnetic metals, and many others. The all-important question of how one experimentally detects Majorana fermions in these setups is then addressed. We focus on three classes of measurements that provide smoking-gun Majorana signatures: tunneling, Josephson effects, and interferometry. Finally, we discuss the most remarkable properties of condensed matter Majorana fermions--the non-Abelian exchange statistics that they generate and their associated potential for quantum computation.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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