In previous warm-up chemical models of the low-mass star-forming region L1527, we investigated the evolution of carbon-chain unsaturated hydrocarbon species when the envelope temperature is slightly elevated to $T\approx 30$ K. These models demonstrated that enhanced abundances of such species can be explained by gas-phase ion-molecule chemistry following the partial sublimation of methane from grain surfaces. We also concluded that the abundances of hydrocarbon radicals such as the C$_{\rm n}$H family should be further enhanced as the temperatures increase to higher values, but this conclusion stood in contrast with the lack of unambiguous detection of these species toward hot core and corino sources. Meanwhile, observational surveys have identified C$_2$H, C$_4$H, CH$_3$CCH, and CH$_3$OH toward hot corinos (especially IRAS 16293-2422) as well as towards L1527, with lower abundances for the carbon chain radicals and higher abundances for the other two species toward the hot corinos. In addition, the {\it Herschel Space Telescope} has detected the bare linear chain C$_3$ in 50 K material surrounding young high-mass stellar objects. To understand these new results, we revisit previous warm-up models with an augmented gas-grain network that incorporated reactions from a gas-phase network that was constructed for use with increased temperature up to 800 K. Some of the newly adopted reactions between carbon-chain species and abundant H$_2$ possess chemical activation energy barriers. The revised model results now better reproduce the observed abundances of unsaturated carbon chains under hot-corino (100 K) conditions and make predictions for the abundances of bare carbon chains in the 50 K regions observed by Herschel HIFI.
Evaporation of grain-surface species by shock waves in proto-planetary disk
最近的ALMA(阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列)观测年轻的原恒星物体检测到温暖的SO排放,这可能与形成原恒星盘。为了研究这种温暖的气体是否可以通过吸积激波在形成盘上产生,我们计算了一维激波中各种颗粒表面物种的溅射和热脱附。我们发现,热脱附是更有效的比溅射在冲击后的区域。当吸积速度大于8 km s $^{-1}$,激波前气体数密度为10 $^{9}$ cm $^{-3}$时,H-$_{2}$-O可被热解吸;当吸积速度为2 km s $\gtrsim$,激波前气体数密度为10 $^{9}$ cm $^{-3}$和10 $\gtrsim$ cm $^{-3}$时,SO可被热解吸。我们还发现,在激波后暖气体中氢核的柱密度为$N_{\rm warm} \sim 10^{21}$ cm $^{-2}$。
Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks
观测表明,某些原行星盘温暖分子层中的碳和氧元素丰度与星际介质相比减少了约10-100倍。与此同时,人们对氮知之甚少。为了研究磁盘中氮,碳,氧元素丰度的时间演化,我们开发了一个一维模型,其中包括尘埃沉降,尘埃和冰的湍流扩散,以及气体-冰化学,包括恒星UV/X射线和银河系宇宙射线驱动的化学。我们发现,在温暖的分子层中的气态CO被转化为CO2冰,并通过湍流混合(即,垂直冷指效应)和恒星紫外光子驱动的冰化学。另一方面,气态N2,温暖分子层中的主要氮储存器,较少被冰化学处理,并且以其原样存在。然后,仅通过N2的垂直冷指效应发生氮耗尽。由于N2的结合能低于CO和CO2的结合能,因此氮的贫化程度小于碳和氧的贫化程度,导致氮的元素丰度高于碳和氧的元素丰度。当扩散系数的$α$参数约为0.001时,这种演变发生在100万年内,并进一步进行。因此,N2 H +/CO柱密度比随着时间的推移而增加。简要讨论了垂直输运对中冰面冰组成的影响。
The inner wind of IRC+10216 revisited: New exotic chemistry and diagnostic for dust condensation in carbon stars
目标。我们模拟了碳星IRC+10216的内风化学,并考虑了恒星脉动引起的周期性激波对气体的影响,以遵循激波气体层中的非平衡化学。我们考虑一个非常完整的化学家族,包括碳氢化合物和芳香族化合物,卤素和含磷物种。导出的丰度进行比较,从大型调查和赫歇尔的最新观测数据。结果冲击诱导的IRC+10216的尘埃形成区的非平衡化学碰撞破坏的CO在冲击后的气体触发形成的O-轴承物种(H2O,SiO)。大多数模拟丰度与IRC+10216上Herschel数据的最新值非常吻合。氢化物形成了一个家庭的丰富的物种,被驱逐到中间包层。特别地,HF将所有原子氟捕获在尘埃形成区中。卤素也很丰富,它们的化学性质与恒星的C/O比无关。因此,HCl和其他含Cl的物种也应该存在于富O AGB或超巨星的内风中。我们确定了一个特定的区域范围从2.5 R* 到4 R*,多环芳烃的形成和增长。根据芳烃质量估算的碳尘-气体质量比范围为1.2 x 10^(-3)至5.8 x 10^{-3},与现有观测值吻合良好。芳族化合物形成区域位于热层的外部,其中SiC 2作为碳化硅粉尘合成的副产物产生。最后,我们预测一些分子线将显示通量随脉动相位和时间的变化(例如,H2O),而其他物种则不会(例如,CO)。这些变化仅仅反映了在尘埃形成区的冲击气体中在脉动周期内破坏和重整分子的非平衡化学。