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arXiv 1111.5617astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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大多数行星是如何形成的?--直接成像对磁盘不稳定性的限制

How do Most Planets Form? -- Constraints on Disk Instability from Direct Imaging

Markus Janson, Mariangela Bonavita, Hubert Klahr, David Lafreniere

摘要:

核心吸积和盘不稳定性传统上被认为是行星形成的两种可能的竞争路径。近年来,越来越多的证据支持核心吸积是主要的方式,至少对于近距离行星来说是这样。然而,可以假设,由盘不稳定性形成的大量宽行星可能存在于大分离处,形成不可见的多数。在以前的工作中,我们通过对B2-A0型恒星的直接成像调查解决了这个问题,并得出结论,<30%的此类恒星通过盘的不稳定性形成并保留行星和褐矮星,留下核心吸积作为可能的主导机制。在本文中,我们将这种分析扩展到FGKM型恒星,通过对双子座深行星调查(GDPS)样本进行类似的分析。结果加强了这样的结论,即亚恒星同伴形成和保留周围的母星盘不稳定性是罕见的。具体来说,我们发现,在我们最保守的假设下,对于外盘半径为300 AU的FGKM型恒星,这样的伴星的频率<8%,置信度为99%。此外,我们发现,在99%的置信度下,对于从5到500 AU的任何半径,频率总是<10%,与外盘半径无关。我们还模拟了迁移率在很大范围内,并发现,即使同伴大幅度移动后形成的结论。因此,核心吸积仍然可能是所有行星的主要形成机制,对于从M型到B型的每一种类型的恒星。

英文摘要:

Core accretion and disk instability have traditionally been regarded as the two competing possible paths of planet formation. In recent years, evidence have accumulated in favor of core accretion as the dominant mode, at least for close-in planets. However, it might be hypothesized that a significant population of wide planets formed by disk instabilities could exist at large separations, forming an invisible majority. In previous work, we addressed this issue through a direct imaging survey of B2--A0-type stars, and concluded that <30% of such stars form and retain planets and brown dwarfs through disk instability, leaving core accretion as the likely dominant mechanism. In this paper, we extend this analysis to FGKM-type stars by applying a similar analysis to the Gemini Deep Planet Survey (GDPS) sample. The results strengthen the conclusion that substellar companions formed and retained around their parent stars by disk instabilities are rare. Specifically, we find that the frequency of such companions is <8% for FGKM-type stars under our most conservative assumptions, for an outer disk radius of 300 AU, at 99% confidence. Furthermore, we find that the frequency is always <10% at 99% confidence independently of outer disk radius, for any radius from 5 to 500 AU. We also simulate migration at a wide range of rates, and find that the conclusions hold even if the companions move substantially after formation. Hence, core accretion remains the likely dominant formation mechanism for the total planet population, for every type of star from M-type through B-type.

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