The IceCube Collaboration
All sky neutrino searches: Atmospheric neutrinos; Astrophysical neutrinos; Cosmegenic neutrinos; Submitted papers to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing 2011.
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Search for Extremely High Energy Neutrinos with IceCube
本文提出一种新的 IceCube 极高能中微子事件筛选方法，通过更有效剔除高多重数 μ 子束，提升对 EHE 中微子通量准微分上限的约束能力。
Recent cosmogenic neutrino search results with IceCube and prospects with IceCube-Gen2
本文利用 12.6 年 IceCube 数据给出 5×10^6 GeV 以上 EHE 中微子通量新上限，并介绍 IceCube-Gen2 射电阵列预期灵敏度，其在 1 EeV 处将比现有限制低约 1.5 个数量级。
A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos with IceCube and implications for the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction
利用IceCube 12.6年数据搜索极高能中微子，未发现信号，给出迄今最严格通量上限，并将能量>30 EeV的UHECR质子占比限制在≲70%，支持重成分结论。
Using End-to-End Optimized Summary Statistics to Improve IceCube's Diffuse Galactic Fits
针对IceCube传统分箱似然法受限于MC统计量的问题，提出用神经网络端到端优化汇总统计量，在保持每箱统计量的同时纳入更多可观测量，从而改进银河系中微子通量拟合的似然等高线分辨率。
IceCube measures the diffuse neutrino flux across several neutrino flavors and energy ranges. ESTES focuses on the measurement of the diffuse neutrino flux using high purity astrophysical muon neutrinos with energies above 1 TeV. We use the Enhanced Starting Track Event Selection dataset which selects for tracks starting within the IceCube fiducial volume. We employ a machine learning algorithm to help differentiate between tracks from atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos. This produces a high purity diffuse neutrino sample that can provide valuable insight into the properties of the atmosp…
IceCube has reported the detection of a diffuse TeV-PeV neutrino emission, for which the flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) have been proposed to be the candidate sources. Here we assume that the neutrino flux from FSRQs is proportional to their gamma-ray ones, and obtain the gamma-ray/neutrino flux ratio by the diffuse gamma-ray flux from Fermi-LAT measurement of FSRQs and the diffuse neutrino flux detected by IceCube. We apply this ratio to individual FSRQs and hence predict their neutrino flux. We find that a large fraction of candidate FSRQs from the northern sky in the IceCube point sour…
A Search for AGN sources of the IceCube Diffuse Neutrino Flux
本研究针对IceCube弥散中微子流的起源问题，利用公开数据结合Fermi、MOJAVE星表开展三类关联搜寻，限定了耀变体对中微子流的贡献比例，并为单源设置辐射上限。
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory first observed a diffuse flux of high energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2013. Since then, this observation has been confirmed in multiple detection channels such as high energy starting events, cascades, and through-going muon tracks. Combining these event selections into a high statistics global fit of 10 years of IceCube's neutrino data could strongly improve the understanding of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux: challenging or confirming the simple unbroken power-law flux model as well as the astrophysical neutrino flux composition. One key component …
Measurement of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux in a combined fit of IceCube's high energy neutrino data
IceCube利用超过10年数据，首次通过相干建模和持续变化的探测器响应模拟，对多通道数据进行联合拟合，以前所未有的精度测量了弥散天体物理中微子流的性质。
IceCube has measured a diffuse astrophysical flux of TeV-PeV neutrinos. The most plausible sources are unique high energy cosmic ray accelerators like hypernova remnants (HNRs) and remnants from gamma ray bursts in star-burst galaxies, which can produce primary cosmic rays with the required energies and abundance. In this case, however, ordinary supernova remnants (SNRs), which are far more abundant than HNRs, produce a comparable or larger neutrino flux in the ranges up to 100-150 TeV energies, implying a spectral break in the IceCube signal around these energies. The SNRs contribution in the…
Insights from LHAASO and IceCube into the origin of the Galactic diffuse TeV--PeV emission
通过比较LHAASO和IceCube观测，结合脉冲星晕建模，证明轻子成分贡献可解释银河系弥散TeV--PeV伽马射线发射超出，并符合银河经度分布。
Combining IceCube Muon Tracks and Cascades to measure the Galactic Diffuse Neutrino Flux
本文提出结合冰立方缪子径迹与级联事件，利用前向折叠分箱似然拟合测量银河系弥散中微子通量，以提升灵敏度并区分模型。
The nearly isotropic distribution of the TeV-PeV neutrinos recently detected by IceCube suggests that they come from sources at distance beyond our Galaxy, but how far they are is largely unknown due to lack of any associations with known sources. In this paper, we propose that the cumulative TeV gamma-ray emission accompanying the production of neutrinos can be used to constrain the distance of these neutrino sources, since the opacity of TeV gamma rays due to absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) depends on the distance that these TeV gamma rays have travelled. As the diffus…
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory measured a flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in several detection channels. The energy spectrum is fitted as unbroken power-law, but different best-fit parameters were obtained in the various analyses covering different energy ranges between few TeV to 10 PeV. Here, we present an update to the analysis of through-going muon-neutrinos from the Northern Hemisphere. It was extended to almost ten years of data and an improved treatment of systematic uncertainties on the atmospheric fluxes was implemented. The updated best-fit parameters for the astrophysi…
IceCube has detected many TeV--PeV neutrinos, but their astrophysical origins remain largely unknown. Motivated by the observed late-time X-ray/optical bumps in some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we examine the correlation between IceCube neutrinos and GRBs allowing delayed neutrinos $\sim$days after the prompt gamma rays. Although we have not found any definitive correlation, up to $\sim$10\% of the events observed so far at IceCube may have been neutrinos produced by the late-time GRB activities at $\sim$1 day. Assuming a connection between some IceCube events and the late GRB bumps, we show in a…
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a 1 $km^{3}$ detector currently under construction at the South Pole. Searching for high energy neutrinos from unresolved astrophysical sources is one of the main analysis strategies used in the search for astrophysical neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. A hard energy spectrum of neutrinos from isotropically distributed astrophysical sources could contribute to form a detectable signal above the atmospheric neutrino background. A reliable method of estimating the energy of the neutrino-induced lepton is crucial for identifying astrophysical neu…
Summary of IceCube Tau Neutrino Searches and Flavor Composition Measurements of the Diffuse Astrophysical Neutrino Flux
本文总结了IceCube对弥散天体物理中微子通量味组成的测量，通过两种方法（双级联识别和机器学习选择）识别τ中微子候选体，并在联合拟合和排除零τ假设方面取得更严格约束和最高显著性。
Measurement of the Diffuse Astrophysical Neutrino Spectrum above a TeV with All Flavor Starting Events in IceCube
利用IceCube的MESE起始事件样本，测量了1 TeV至10 PeV的弥散河外中微子谱，发现其偏离单一幂律，显著性达4.2σ。
Exploring the Galactic neutrino flux origins using IceCube datasets
本研究开发了一个模拟包，利用 IceCube 弥漫银河系中微子信号信息模拟银河系源种群分布，并与不同数据样本灵敏度对比以估计可探测源数量，从而揭示贡献于 IceCube 弥漫信号的中微子源性质。
Multi-messenger Study of Galactic Diffuse Emission with LHAASO and IceCube Observations
针对LHAASO观测的银河系PeV伽马射线弥散发射光谱中的异常凸起，引入两个具有ECPL谱型的未解析源成分构建模型，模拟的银河系弥散中微子通量与IceCube观测一致，并估算出20 TeV处银河系中微子占天体物理中微子的约9%。
The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux reported by the IceCube Collaboration remains an open question. In this study, we use three years of publicly available IceCube data to search for evidence of neutrino emission from the blazars and non-blazar Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contained the Fermi 4LAC catalog. We find no evidence that these sources produce high-energy neutrinos, and conclude that blazars can produce no more than 15% of IceCube's observed flux. The constraint we derive on the contribution from non-blazar AGN, which are less luminous and more numerous than blazars, is sign…
Discovery Forecasts of the Diffuse Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino Flux with IceCube-Gen2
该研究针对规划中的IceCube-Gen2探测器的射电探测方案，结合最新流强预测与探测器建模，预测未来10-20年弥散超高能中微子流的发现前景，表明多数基准模型可在10年内被发现且可相互区分，凸显下一代望远镜的变革性潜力。
In ten years of observations, the IceCube neutrino observatory has revealed a neutrino sky in tension with previous expectations for neutrino point source emissions. Astrophysical objects associated with hadronic processes might act as production sites for neutrinos, observed as point sources at Earth. Instead, a nearly isotropic flux of astrophysical neutrinos is observed up to PeV energies, prompting a reassessment of the assumed transport and production physics. This work applies a new physical explanation for neutrino production from populations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and starburs…
Analysis of the Diffuse Astrophysical Flux from the Galactic Plane with 12.1 Years of IceCube Starting Tracks, Throughgoing Tracks and Cascades
本文结合IceCube探测器12.1年的贯穿径迹、起始径迹和级联三种探测通道数据，以模型无关方式测量了银道面TeV到PeV能区的中微子能谱，并同步测量各向同性宇宙中微子通量。
Galactic Diffuse Neutrino Emission from Sources beyond the Discovery Horizon
研究未分辨银河系源对弥散中微子辐射的贡献，发现其可能主导100 TeV通量，并探讨用KM3NeT或IceCube-Gen2验证该假设。
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has observed a diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos with energies from TeV to a few PeV. Recent IceCube analyses have limited sensitivity to PeV neutrinos because upward-going neutrino fluxes are attenuated by the Earth while the Extremely High Energy (EHE) result targets cosmogenic neutrinos only above 10 PeV. In this work, we present a new event selection that fills the gap between 1 PeV and 10 PeV. This sample is obtained by selecting high-energy down-going through-going tracks from 8 years of data. To reduce the atmospheric muon backgrounds and achieve a…
Recent IceCube Results: Diffuse Flux, Point Sources and Dark Matter
本文介绍了 IceCube 实验的最新结果，重点总结了天体物理中微子弥散通量的测量、点源搜寻（包括耀变体与星系等）以及暗物质间接搜寻的最新进展与限制。
The recent discovery of a diffuse neutrino flux up to PeV energies raises the question of which populations of astrophysical sources contribute to this diffuse signal. One extragalactic candidate source population to produce high-energy neutrinos are Blazars. We present results from a likelihood analysis searching for cumulative neutrino emission from Blazar populations selected with the 2nd Fermi-LAT AGN catalog (2LAC) using an IceCube data set that has been optimized for the detection of individual sources. In contrast to previous searches with IceCube, the investigated populations contain u…
Cosmic ray accelerators like supernova and hypernova remnants in star forming galaxies are one of the most plausible sources of the IceCube observed diffuse astrophysical neutrinos. The neutrino producing hadronic processes will also produce a diffuse gamma ray flux, constrained by the Fermi-LAT bounds. The fact that point sources like blazars also contribute to the diffuse gamma ray flux implies large gamma opacity of the neutrino sources. Indeed, for these high redshift star forming galaxies the gamma absorption during the intergalactic propagation can be significant. In addition, large gamm…
The IceCube neutrino observatory has established the existence of an astrophysical diffuse neutrino component above $100$ TeV. This discovery was made using the high-energy starting event sample, which uses the outer layer of instrumented volume as a veto to significantly reduce atmospheric background. We present the latest astrophysical neutrino flux measurement using high-energy starting events. This latest iteration of the analysis extends the sample by $1.5$ years for a total of $7.5$ years, updates the event properties with newer models of light transport in the glacial ice, and has an im…
Enhancements to the IceCube Extremely High Energy Neutrino Selection using Graph & Transformer Based Neural Networks
为改善10 PeV以上的弥散测量，本研究利用图神经网络区分中微子与大气μ子背景，并采用基于Transformer的神经网络进行方向重建，显著提升了背景抑制与重建性能，助力未来极高能中微子选择。
The excess of neutrino candidate events detected by IceCube from the direction of TXS 0506+056 has generated a great deal of interest in blazars as sources of high-energy neutrinos. In this study, we analyze the publicly available portion of the IceCube dataset, performing searches for neutrino point sources in spatial coincidence with the blazars and other active galactic nuclei contained in the Fermi 3LAC and the Roma BZCAT catalogs, as well as in spatial and temporal coincidence with flaring sources identified in the Fermi Collaboration's All-Sky Variability Analysis (FAVA). We find no evid…
Deciphering the IceCube Diffuse Neutrino Observations via AGN Variability
研究探讨了冰立方探测到的TeV至PeV能量范围内的扩散中微子背景的起源，提出活动星系核（AGN）的演化可能解释谱折弯现象，并通过统一框架验证了该假设。
IceCube is a cubic kilometer neutrino detector array in the Antarctic ice that was designed to search for astrophysical, high-energy neutrinos. It has detected a diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos that appears to be of extragalactic origin. A possible contribution to this diffuse flux could stem from core-collapse supernovae. The high-energy neutrinos could either come from the interaction of the ejecta with a dense circumstellar medium or a jet, emanating from the star's core, that stalls in the star's envelope. Here, we will present results of a stacking analysis to search for this high…
Late time decay of very heavy dark matter is considered as one of the possible explanations for diffuse PeV neutrinos observed in IceCube. We consider implications of multimessenger constraints, and show that proposed models are marginally consistent with the diffuse gamma-ray background data. Critical tests are possible by a detailed analysis and identification of the sub-TeV isotropic diffuse gamma-ray data observed by Fermi and future observations of sub-PeV gamma rays by observatories like HAWC or Tibet AS+MD. In addition, with several-year observations by next-generation telescopes such a…
Despite the spectacular discovery of an astrophysical neutrino flux by IceCube in 2013, its origin remains a mystery. Whatever its sources, we expect the neutrino flux to be accompanied by a comparable gamma-ray flux. These photons should be degraded in energy by electromagnetic cascades and contribute to the diffuse GeV-TeV flux precisely measured by the Fermi-LAT. Population studies have also permitted to identify the main classes of contributors to this flux, which at the same time have not been associated with major neutrino sources in cross-correlation studies. These considerations allow …
In 2013, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory located at the geographic South Pole detected evidence for a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux above ~60 TeV. To this day, IceCube has operated with full detector configuration for more than 6 years. The observed astrophysical neutrino flux has been confirmed with > 6$σ$ significance with both events starting within the detector (all flavor) and events traversing through the Earth ($ν_μ$ charged-current). Somewhat equal flavor ratio of astrophysical neutrinos is expected at Earth assuming standard thorough oscillation. A search for tau neutrinos has …
Time-integrated constraint on neutrino flux of CHIME fast radio burst sources with 10-year IceCube point-source data
本研究使用10年IceCube点源数据和无分箱最大似然法搜寻CHIME/FRB与中微子的关联，并给出100 TeV处弥散μ中微子通量上限。
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, deployed inside the deep glacial ice at the South Pole, is the largest neutrino telescope in the world. While eight years have passed since IceCube discovered a diffuse flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, the sources of the vast majority of these neutrinos remain unknown. Here, we present a new search for neutrino point sources that improves the accuracy of the statistical analysis, especially in the low energy regime. We replaced the usual Gaussian approximations of IceCube's point spread function with precise numerical representations, obtained from…
The IceCube neutrino telescope has observed for the first time a diffuse flux of high energy neutrinos, with a possible astrophysical origin. Up to now there are no evidence of sources and many hypothesis are still plausible in order to explain the measured flux. In this proceeding we analyze an alternative way to interpret the IceCube neutrinos, in terms of sum of contributions from different sources.
The IceCube Collaboration has recently reported evidence for a high-energy extraterrestrial neutrino flux. During two years of operation 28 events with energies between 30 TeV and 1.2 PeV were observed while only 10.6 events were expected from conventional atmospheric backgrounds. The hadronic interactions responsible for this IceCube excess will also produce a flux of high-energy gamma-rays that can serve as a probe of source direction and distance. We show that existing TeV to PeV diffuse gamma-ray limits support the interpretation that the IceCube excess is mostly of extragalactic origin. H…
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered a diffuse all-flavor flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. However, the corresponding astrophysical sources have not yet been identified. Neither significant point sources nor significant angular correlations of event directions have been observed by IceCube or other instruments to date. We present a new method to interpret the non-observation of angular correlations in terms of exclusions on the strength and number of point-like sources in generic astrophysical scenarios. Additionally, we constrain the presence of these sources taking int…
Searches for Galactic Neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino observatory
针对银河系带电宇宙线来源未知的问题，介绍了运行十余年的南极IceCube中微子天文台利用切伦科夫光探测原理，开展弥散中微子流及银道面点源、延展源中微子搜寻的相关研究。
We consider implications of the IceCube excess for hadronuclear (pp) scenarios of neutrino sources such as galaxy clusters/groups and star-forming galaxies. Since the observed neutrino flux is comparable to the diffuse gamma-ray background flux obtained by Fermi, we place new, strong upper limits on the source spectral index, Γ<2.1-2.2. In addition, the new IceCube data imply that these sources contribute at least 30%-40% of the diffuse gamma-ray background in the 100 GeV range and even ~100% for softer spectra. Our results, which are insensitive to details of the pp source models, are one of …
Unveiling the nature of galactic TeV sources with IceCube results
本文利用伽马射线观测与理论分析评估银河系微子辐射的弥漫与源贡献，通过对比 IceCube 测量结果，限定具有强子性质的 TeV 伽马射线源比例应小于约 40%。
We present a range of unbroken power-law fits to the astrophysical-neutrino spectrum consistent with the most recent published IceCube data at the 68\% confidence level. Assuming that the neutrinos originate in decays of pi mesons, we estimate accompanying gamma-ray fluxes for various distributions of sources, taking propagation effects into account. We then briefly discuss existing experimental results constraining PeV to EeV diffuse gamma-ray flux and their systematic uncertainties. Several scenarios are marginally consistent both with the KASKADE and CASA-MIA upper limits at (10^15-10^16) e…
Atmospheric neutrinos are produced in air showers, when cosmic ray primaries hit the Earth's atmosphere and interact hadronically. The conventional neutrino flux, which dominates the neutrino data measured in the GeV to TeV range by neutrino telescopes, is produced by the decay of charged pions and kaons. Prompt atmospheric neutrinos are produced by the decay of heavier mesons typically containing a charm quark. Their production is strongly suppressed, but they are expected to exhibit a harder energy spectrum. Hence, they could dominate the atmospheric neutrino flux at energies above ~ 100 TeV…
A signal of high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos from unknown source(s) was recently discovered by the IceCube experiment. Neutrinos are always produced together with gamma-rays, but the gamma-ray flux from extragalactic sources is suppressed due to attenuation in the intergalactic medium. We report the discovery of a gamma-ray excess at high Galactic latitudes starting at energies 300 GeV in the data of the Fermi telescope. We show that the multi-TeV gamma-ray diffuse emission has spectral characteristics at both low and high Galactic latitudes compatible with those of the IceCube high neut…
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), if accelerated in the gamma-ray burst (GRB) blastwave, are expected to produce PeV-EeV neutrinos by interacting with long-lived GRB afterglow photons. Detailed spectral and temporal properties of the flux of these neutrinos depend on the GRB blastwave evolution scenario, but can last for days to years time scale in contrast to the seconds to minutes time scale for "burst" neutrino flux contemporaneous with the prompt gamma-ray emission and which has been constrained by IceCube in the $\sim$ 50 TeV-2 PeV range. We compute expected neutrino events in IceCub…
The completed IceCube Observatory, the first km^3 neutrino telescope, is already providing the most stringent limits on the flux of high energy cosmic neutrinos from point-like and diffuse galactic and extra-galactic sources. The non-detection of extra-terrestrial neutrinos has important consequences on the origin of the cosmic rays. Here the current status of astrophysical neutrino searches, and of the observation of a persistent cosmic ray anisotropy above 100 TeV, are reviewed.
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer-sized detector designed to detect neutrinos of astrophysical origin. However, muons created by cosmic rays interacting in the atmosphere pose a significant background for these astrophysical neutrinos particularly in the southern equatorial sky. Identifying neutrino events that start in the detector allows us to reduce the atmospheric muon component while retaining a high rate of starting neutrino events. The method presented today also rejects atmospheric neutrinos if they are accompanied by muons from the same cosmic ray shower, lowering …
IceCube, a cubic-kilometer sized neutrino detector at the Geographic South Pole, has recently discovered a diffuse all-flavor flux of astrophysical neutrinos. However, the corresponding astrophysical sources have not yet been identified in current IceCube analyses. We present a method to interpret the results of a recently published angular correlation analysis in IceCube searching for spatial clustering of muon neutrino events in terms of astrophysical models (given by an arbitrary source count distribution). We exemplarily show the resulting limits on the parameters of a class of source coun…
Although IceCube has discovered a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux, the underlying sources of these neutrinos remain unknown. Transient astrophysical objects, such as fast radio bursts (FRBs), could explain a large percentage of the measured flux. We present the analysis techniques of IceCube searches for MeV to TeV neutrinos from FRBs. As no significant correlation between IceCube neutrinos and FRBs has been found, we present the first limit on MeV neutrino emission from FRBs and the most constraining limits for neutrinos with GeV to TeV energies. We also describe the prospects for future …
Search for spatial coincidence between IceCube neutrinos and gamma-ray bright red dwarfs
本研究利用无分箱最大似然法检验十颗伽马射线明亮红矮星与 IceCube 高能中微子的空间重合，未发现显著关联，表明它们不贡献弥散中微子通量。
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been suggested as possible sources of the high-energy neutrino flux recently detected by the IceCube telescope. We revisit the fireball emission model and elaborate an analytical prescription to estimate the high-energy neutrino prompt emission from pion and kaon decays, assuming that the leading mechanism for the neutrino production is lepto-hadronic. To this purpose, we include hadronic, radiative and adiabatic cooling effects and discuss their relevance for long- (including high- and low-luminosity) and short-duration GRBs. The expected diffuse neutrino backgrou…
IceCube has recently observed 37 events of TeV-PeV energies. The angular distribution, with a strong preference for downgoing directions, the spectrum, and the small muon to shower ratio in the data can not be accommodated assuming standard interactions of atmospheric neutrinos. We obtain an excellent fit, however, if a diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy (cosmogenic) neutrinos experiences collisions where only a small fraction of the energy is transferred to the target nucleon. We show that consistent models of TeV gravity or other non-Wilsonian completions of the standard model provide cross se…
The last IceCube catalog of High Energy Starting Events (HESE) obtained with a livetime of 1347 days comprises 54 neutrino events equally-distributed between the three families with energies between 25 TeV and few PeVs. Considering the homogeneous flavors distribution (1:1:1) and the spectral features of these neutrinos the IceCube collaboration claims the astrophysical origin of these events with more than $5σ$. The spatial distribution of cited events does not show a clear correlation with known astrophysical accelerators leaving opened both the Galactic and the extra-Galactic origin interpr…
A Multimessenger Analysis of the High-Energy Milky Way: Source Populations Contribute Significantly to IceCube's Galactic Neutrino Flux
联合分析冰立方观测的银河平面中微子发射与LHAASO测量的弥散超高能伽马射线，发现中微子发射需要未解析源种群的贡献，且银河中微子源可能主导该发射。
Measurement of the Cosmic Neutrino Flux from the Southern Sky using 10 years of IceCube Starting Track Events
利用10年IceCube起始径迹事件首次以该类事件为主测量南天区弥散天体物理中微子通量，将低能探测范围扩展一个数量级，并检验了银道面中微子对弥散通量的影响。
Search for spatial coincidence between magnetars and IceCube detected neutrinos
研究通过IceCube探测到的高能中微子与37个磁星（含6个银河外源）的空间重合搜索，采用无分箱最大似然法分析，未发现显著关联，结论为已知磁星不贡献IceCube观测到的弥漫中微子通量。
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