哈伯红移会翻转光子和引力子吗？
Does the Hubble Redshift Flip Photons and Gravitons?
摘要：
由于哈勃红移，光子能量（主要以CMBR光子的形式）目前正以接近10^55 erg·s^-1的速率从宇宙中消失。宇宙学中一个持续的问题是关于这种能量的命运。在一种解释中，它无可挽回地丢失了，即，能量在宇宙尺度上是不守恒的在这里，我们考虑一种不同的可能性，保持普遍的能量守恒。如果引力能以与光子相同的方式发生红移，那么可以证明宇宙红移以与光子能量相同的速率从空间中移除引力能。传统上将引力势能视为负能量，提出哈勃位移将正能量（光子）“翻转”为负能量（引力子），反之亦然。因此，丢失的光子能量将被导向引力，使引力能阱更负。相反，在足够大的天体中，引力子翻转为光子会产生一个“哈勃光度”-UH，其中U是天体的内部引力势能，H是哈勃常数。从行星、白矮星和中子星到超大质量黑洞和可见宇宙，都有这种能量释放的证据。
英文摘要：
Due to the Hubble redshift, photon energy, chiefly in the form of CMBR photons, is currently disappearing from the universe at the rate of nearly 10^55 erg s^-1. An ongoing problem in cosmology concerns the fate of this energy. In one interpretation it is irretrievably lost, i.e., energy is not conserved on the cosmic scale. Here we consider a different possibility which retains universal energy conservation. If gravitational energy is redshifted in the same manner as photons, then it can be shown that the cosmic redshift removes gravitational energy from space at about the same rate as photon energy. Treating gravitational potential energy conventionally as negative energy, it is proposed that the Hubble shift 'flips' positive energy (photons) to negative energy (gravitons) and vice versa. The lost photon energy would thus be directed towards gravitation, making gravitational energy wells more negative. Conversely, within astrophysical bodies of sufficient size, the flipping of gravitons to photons would give rise to a 'Hubble luminosity' of magnitude -UH, where U is the internal gravitational potential energy of the object and H the Hubble constant. Evidence of such an energy release is presented in bodies ranging from planets, white dwarfs and neutron stars to supermassive black holes and the visible universe.
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