本文报道了Sm $Tr_2$ Al $_{20}$（$Tr =$ Ti，V和Cr）的低温磁性和输运的单晶研究。强的价涨落表现为近藤效应，包括大的索末菲系数$γ$、弱的磁化率温度依赖性和$-\ln T$依赖性的电阻率。在$T_{\rm N}=$ 6.4 K（Ti）、2.3 K（V）和1.8 K（Cr）下，所有体系都是反铁磁有序的.磁化率、比热和电阻率的系统变化表明，SmV $_2$ Al $_{20}$和SmCr $_2$ Al $_{20}$中较强的$c$ -$f$杂化抑制了$T_{\rm N}$并诱导了价态涨落和场不敏感重费米子态。
英文摘要：
We present a single crystal study of low temperature magnetism and transport in Sm$Tr_2$Al$_{20}$ ($Tr =$ Ti, V and Cr). Strong valence fluctuation is manifested as Kondo effects including a large Sommerfeld coefficient $γ$, a weak temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility and a $-\ln T$ dependent resistivity. All the systems order antiferromagnetically at $T_{\rm N}=$ 6.4 K (Ti), 2.3 K (V) and 1.8 K (Cr). Systematic change in the susceptibility, specific heat, and resistivity indicates that stronger $c$-$f$ hybridization in SmV$_2$Al$_{20}$ and SmCr$_2$Al$_{20}$ than in SmTi$_2$Al$_{20}$ suppresses $T_{\rm N}$ and induces the valence fluctuations and moreover field insensitive heavy fermion states.
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The valence orders at $T_a=125$ K and $T_b=105$ K in the cubic compound YbPd have been investigated by $^{105}$Pd-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Significant decrease in the density of states at the Fermi energy below $T_a$ is evident from the measurement of nuclear spin lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$, suggesting that the instabilities of Fermi surface are associated with the transitions. Moreover we observed the unusual evolution of low-energy fluctuations toward the valence transition at $T_a$ behind its drastic first-order nature. The structural transition accompanying the v…
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We performed high-magnetic-field ultrasonic experiments on YbB$_{12}$ up to 59 T to investigate the valence fluctuations in Yb ions. In zero field, the longitudinal elastic constant $C_{11}$, the transverse elastic constants $C_{44}$ and $\left( C_{11} - C_{12} \right)/2$, and the bulk modulus $C_\mathrm{B}$ show a hardening with a change of curvature at around 35 K indicating a small contribution of valence fluctuations to the elastic constants. When high magnetic fields are applied at low temperatures, $C_\mathrm{B}$ exhibits a softening above a field-induced insulator-metal transition signa…
Enhanced Valence Fluctuations Caused by f-c Coulomb Interaction in Ce-Based Heavy Electrons: Possible Origin of Pressure-Induced Enhancement of Superconducting Transition Temperature in \Ge and Related Compounds
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We study the spin-1/2 Falicov-Kimball model with conduction and localized $f$ electrons on the Penrose lattice using the real-space dynamical mean-field theory. By changing the $f$ electron level, the $f$ electron density at each site changes continuously, in contrast to periodic systems with first-order valence transitions. In the intermediate valence regime, the local $f$ electron number strongly depends on a wider range of the Penrose structure surrounding its lattice site, in spite of the local interaction between the conduction and $f$ electrons. The temperature dependence of the magnetic…
We argue that because of valence-fluctuation caused dynamical changes (fluctuations) of impurity energies in the impurity band of SmB6, energies of electrons occupying impurity sites can be due to the uncertainty principle only estimated with corresponding uncertainty, so they can be represented by energy intervals of non-zero width. As a conse- quence, both occupied as well as unoccupied states can be found in the impurity band above as well as below Fermi level even in the ground state. Therefore the subsystem of localized charge carriers in the ground state of SmB6 cannot be described by an…
We report on the formation of the high-energy empty-state resonance in the electronic spectrum of the iron adatom on the Pt(111) surface. By using the combination of the first-principles methods and the finite-temperature exact diagonalization approach, we show that the resonance is the result of the valence fluctuations between atomic configurations of the impurity. Our theoretical finding is fully confirmed by the results of the scanning tunneling microscopy measurements [M.F. Crommie et al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 2851 (1993)]. In contrast to the previous theoretical results obtained by using loc…
Mixed valence spinels provide a fertile playground for the interplay between charge, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom in strongly correlated electrons on a geometrically frustrated lattice. Among them, AlV$_2$O$_4$ and LiV$_2$O$_4$ exhibit contrasting and puzzling behavior: self-organization of seven-site clusters and heavy fermion behavior. We theoretically perform a comparative study of charge-spin-orbital fluctuations in these two compounds, on the basis of the multiband Hubbard models constructed by using the maximally-localized Wannier functions obtained from the ab initio band calcul…
We report on the electronic band structure, structural, magnetic and thermal properties of Ce$_2$Rh$_3$Sn$_5$. Ce $L_{\mathrm{III}}$-edge XAS spectra give direct evidence for an intermediate valence behaviour. Thermodynamic measurements reveal magnetic transitions at $T_{\mathrm{N1}}\approx$ 2.9 K and $T_{\mathrm{N2}}\approx$ 2.4 K. Electrical resistivity shows behaviour typical for Kondo lattices. The coexistence of magnetic order and valence fluctuations in a Kondo lattice system we attribute to a peculiar crystal structure in which Ce ions occupy two distinct lattice sites. Analysis of the …
Heavy Fermion superconductor CeCu$_2$Si$_2$ under high pressure: multiprobing the valence crossover
第一个重费米子超导体CeCu $_2$ Si $_2$还没有完全揭开它的神秘面纱。在高压下，超导性被认为是由价态涨落介导的，而在环境压力下，自旋涨落最有可能充当配对粘合剂。我们对高质量的CeCu $_2$ Si $_2$单晶进行了多探针（电输运、热电势、交流比热、霍尔和能斯特效应）实验，直至$7 \text{GPa}$。可靠的电阻率数据揭示了第一次的标度行为接近假定的价态转变，并允许定位在$4.5\pm0.2 \text{GPa}$和一个稍微负的温度的临界终点。在相同的压力区域，显着的功能也已被检测到的其他物理性质，作为进一步的签名的Ce价交叉和相关的临界波动。
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Enhancement of Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rate and Spin Susceptibility due to Valence Fluctuations -Origin of Anomalously Enhanced Wilson Ratio in Ce and Yb Systems-
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We investigate the ground state nature of the transverse field Ising model on the $J_1-J_2$ square lattice at the highly frustrated point $J_2/J_1=0.5$. At zero field, the model has an exponentially large degenerate classical ground state, which can be affected by quantum fluctuations for non-zero field toward a unique quantum ground state. We consider two types of quantum fluctuations, harmonic ones by using linear spin wave theory (LSWT) with single-spin flip excitations above a long range magnetically ordered background and anharmonic fluctuations, by employing a cluster-operator approach (…
Despite almost 40 years of research, the origin of heavy-fermion superconductivity is still strongly debated. Especially, the pressure-induced enhancement of superconductivity in CeCu$_2$Si$_2$ away from the magnetic breakdown is not sufficiently taken into consideration. As recently reported in CeCu$_2$Si$_2$ and several related compounds, optimal superconductivity occurs at the pressure of a valence crossover, which arises from a virtual critical end point at negative temperature $T_{\rm cr}$. In this context, we did a meticulous analysis of a vast set of top-quality high-pressure electrical…
We report $^{31}$P NMR measurements under various magnetic fields up to 7 T for the intermediate valence compound EuNi$_2$P$_2$, which shows heavy electronic states at low temperatures. In the high-temperature region above 40 K, the Knight shift followed the Curie--Weiss law reflecting localized $4f$ states. In addition, the behavior corresponding to the temperature variation of the average valence of Eu was observed in the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$. With the occurrence of the Kondo effect, $1/T_1$ was clearly reduced below 40 K, and the Knight shift becomes almost constant …
We argue that because of valence-fluctuation caused dynamical changes (fluctuations) of impurity energies in an impurity band of valence fluctuating semiconductors both occupied and unoccupied sites can be found in the impurity band above as well as below the Fermi level even in the ground state. As a consequence, the ground state energy distribution function of the subsystem of localized charge carriers for valence fluctuating semiconductors is qualitatively different than one for conventional semiconductors at T = 0 K, what sheds new light on interpretation of experimental results of valence…
Temperature dependence of magnetization curves of well homogenized samples of Ce(Co$_{1-x}$Cu$_{x}$)$_5$ ($0\le x \le 0.7$), a family of representative $4f$-$3d$ intermetallic magnets found in rare-earth permanent magnets, is measured. A remarkable enhancement of intrinsic coercivity is observed with $x=0.3$ and $x=0.4$, persisting to higher temperatures. This experimental observation is theoretically attributed to an effect of electronic correlation among $4f$-electrons. That is, an intrinsic pinning happens originating in an anomalously enhanced magnetic anisotropy energy contributed by an o…
We present a detailed study of the temperature evolution of the crystal structure, specific heat, magnetic susceptibility and resistivity of single crystals of the paradigmatic valence-fluctuating compound EuIr$_2$Si$_2$. A comparison to stable-valent isostructural compounds EuCo$_2$Si$_2$ (with Eu$^{3+}$), and EuRh$_2$Si$_2$, (with Eu$^{2+}$) reveals an anomalously large thermal expansion indicative of the lattice softening associated to valence fluctuations. A marked broad peak at temperatures around 65-75 K is observed in specific heat, susceptibility and the derivative of resistivity, as t…
We present the pressure-temperature phase diagram of the antiferromagnet CeAg$_2$Si$_2$ established via resistivity and calorimetry measurements under quasi-hydrostatic conditions up to 22.5~GPa. With increasing pressure, the Néel temperature [$T_{\mathrm{N}}(p=0)=8.6$~K] slowly increases up to $T_{\mathrm{N}}=13.4$~K at 9.4~GPa and then vanishes abruptly at the magnetic critical pressure $p_{\mathrm{c}}\sim13$~GPa. For the first time, heavy fermion superconductivity is observed in CeAg$_2$Si$_2$ . Superconductivity emerges at $\sim 11$~GPa and persists over roughly 10~GPa. Partial- and bulk-t…
Some of the most remarkable phenomena---and greatest theoretical challenges---in condensed matter physics arise when $d$ or $f$ electrons are neither fully localized around their host nuclei, nor fully itinerant. This localized/itinerant "duality" underlies the correlated electronic states of the high-$T_c$ cuprate superconductors and the heavy-fermion intermetallics, and is nowhere more apparent than in the $5f$ valence electrons of plutonium. Here we report the full set of symmetry-resolved elastic moduli of $PuCoGa_5$---the highest $T_c$ superconductor of the heavy fermions ($T_c$=18.5 K)--…
We report electrical resistivity, ac magnetic susceptibility and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of intermediate valence YbNi$_{3}$Ga$_{9}$ under pressure and magnetic field. We have revealed a characteristic pressure-induced Yb valence crossover within the temperature-pressure phase diagram, and a first-order metamagnetic transition is found below $P_{\rm c}$ $\sim$ 9 GPa where the system undergoes a pressure-induced antiferromagnetic transition. As a possible origin of the metamagnetic behavior, a critical valence fluctuation emerging near the critical point of the first-order val…
Madelung Energy of the Valence Skipping Compound BaBiO$_3$
有几种元素表现出跳价涨落，如Tl在+1价和+3价形成化合物，Bi在+3价和+5价形成化合物。这种涨落引起负的有效吸引相互作用和近藤效应。在跳价元素的化合物中，载流子的掺杂将导致高临界温度的超导电性。例如，Ba $_{1-x}$ K $_x$ Bi O $_3$显示出高的$T_c$，这不太可能来自传统的电子-声子机制。这些化合物中某些价态缺失的原因至今仍是一个谜。我们已经进行了评估的BaBiO $_3$的马德隆电位，并已首次表明，电荷有序状态是稳定的，如果我们考虑到极化的氧电荷。我们认为，有效库仑相互作用能$U$可能是负的评估本地激发能。
