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arXiv 1107.4098astro-ph.CO
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星系性质在合并树时间分辨下的收敛性

Convergence of Galaxy Properties with Merger Tree Temporal Resolution

Andrew J. Benson, Stefano Borgani, Gabriella De Lucia, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Pierluigi Monaco

摘要:

暗物质晕合并树现在通常是从结构形成的宇宙学模拟中提取的。这些树经常被用作星系形成的半解析模型的输入,以提供星系形成发生的主干。必要时,这些合并树是从N体模拟的离散“快照”的有限集合构造的,因此具有有限的时间分辨率。到目前为止,很少有人考虑这种时间分辨率如何影响这些树中形成的星系的性质。特别是,需要多少快照才能在星系属性中实现收敛的问题还没有得到回答。因此,我们研究的收敛在恒星和总重子质量的星系,分布的合并时间,恒星质量函数和恒星形成率的银河系模型的星系形成作为一个功能的“快照”的次数用来代表暗物质晕合并树。当利用z=20和z=0之间的快照时,我们发现至少需要128个快照才能实现星系质量的5%以内的收敛。这种收敛是在大样本星系的平均数量上获得的-即使使用非常大量的快照,单个星系的显着差异仍然存在。我们发现只有弱的依赖性的收敛速度上的分布的快照在时间上的快照间隔均匀的膨胀因子,均匀的对数的膨胀因子或均匀的对数的临界超密度崩溃的工作同样在几乎所有的情况下。我们提供输入参数Galacticus允许这种类型的收敛研究,以调整到其他模拟,并进行其他星系的属性。

英文摘要:

Dark matter halo merger trees are now routinely extracted from cosmological simulations of structure formation. These trees are frequently used as inputs to semi-analytic models of galaxy formation to provide the backbone within which galaxy formation takes place. By necessity, these merger trees are constructed from a finite set of discrete "snapshots" of the N-body simulation and so have a limited temporal resolution. To date, there has been little consideration of how this temporal resolution affects the properties of galaxies formed within these trees. In particular, the question of how many snapshots are needed to achieve convergence in galaxy properties has not be answered. Therefore, we study the convergence in the stellar and total baryonic masses of galaxies, distribution of merger times, stellar mass functions and star formation rates in the Galacticus model of galaxy formation as a function of the number of "snapshot" times used to represent dark matter halo merger trees. When utilizing snapshots between z=20 and z=0, we find that at least 128 snapshots are required to achieve convergence to within 5% for galaxy masses. This convergence is obtained for mean quantities averaged over large samples of galaxies - significant variance for individual galaxies remains even when using very large numbers of snapshots. We find only weak dependence of the rate of convergence on the distribution of snapshots in time - snapshots spaced uniformly in the expansion factor, uniformly in the logarithm of expansion factor or uniformly in the logarithm of critical overdensity for collapse work equally well in almost all cases. We provide input parameters to Galacticus which allow this type of convergence study to be tuned to other simulations and to be carried out for other galaxy properties.

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