The effect of the environment on the gas kinematics and the structure of distant galaxies
Yara L. Jaffé, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, Harald Kuntschner, Steven Bamford, Carlos Hoyos, Gabriella De Lucia, Claire Halliday, Bo Milvang-Jensen, Bianca Poggian… 展开作者
Yara L. Jaffé, Alfonso Aragón-Salamanca, Harald Kuntschner, Steven Bamford, Carlos Hoyos, Gabriella De Lucia, Claire Halliday, Bo Milvang-Jensen, Bianca Poggianti, Gregory Rudnick, Roberto P. Saglia, Patricia Sanchez-Blazquez, Dennis Zaritsky
备注：
26 pages (plus small appendix), 21 Figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. v2: typos corrected; references added; and minor changes in tables and plots to include a few missing data points; results and conclusions unchanged; v3: corrected typos in the labels of 3 plots; v4: typo in the label of Figure 18 corrected
With the aim of distinguishing between possible physical mechanisms acting on galaxies when they fall into clusters, we study the properties of the gas and the stars in a sample of 422 emission-line galaxies from EDisCS in different environments up to z~1. We identify galaxies with kinematical disturbances (from emission-lines in their 2D spectra) and find that they are more frequent in clusters than in the field. The fraction of kinematically-disturbed galaxies increases with cluster velocity dispersion and decreases with distance from the cluster centre, but remains constant with projected galaxy density. We also studied morphological disturbances in the stellar light from HST/F814W images, finding that the fraction of morphologically disturbed galaxies is similar in all environments. Moreover, there is little correlation between the presence of kinematically-disturbed gas and morphological distortions. We also study the dependence of the Tully-Fisher relation, star formation, and extent of the emission on environment, and conclude that the gas disks in cluster galaxies have been truncated, and therefore their star formation is more concentrated than in low-density environments. If spirals transform into S0s, our findings imply that the physical mechanism transforming cluster galaxies efficiently disturbs the star-forming gas and reduces their specific star formation rate. Moreover, this star-forming gas is either removed more efficiently from the outskirts of the galaxies or is driven towards the centre (or both), helping to build the bulges of S0s. These results, in addition to the finding that the transformation mechanism does not seem to induce strong morphological disturbances on the galaxies, suggest that the physical processes involved are related to the intracluster medium, with galaxy-galaxy interactions playing only a limited role in clusters.
With the aim of understanding which physical processes are primarily responsible for the transformation of spiral galaxies into S0s in clusters, we study the gas kinematics, morphological disturbances, and the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) of distant galaxies in various environments. We use the ESO Distant Cluster Survey (EDisCS) dataset, that spans a broad range of cluster and galaxy properties at 0.3 < z < 0.8. Our results indicate that the physical mechanism acting on cluster galaxies (with M_B < -20 mag) must be strong enough to significantly disturb the gas in cluster galaxies, but at the s…
The main objective of my thesis was to provide us, for the first time, with a reliable view of the distant Hubble sequence, and its evolution over the past 6 Gyr. To achieve this goal, we have created a new morphological classification method which (1) includes all the available observational data, (2) can be easily reproduced, and (3) presents a negligible subjectivity. This method allows us to study homogeneously the morphology of local and distant galaxies. The first step has been to study the evolution of galaxies using the IMAGES survey. This survey allowed us to establish the kinematic s…
We have studied the pitch angles of spiral arms for 31 distant galaxies at z~0.7 from three Hubble Deep Fields (HDF-N, HDF-S, HUDF). Using the pitch angle - rotation velocity relation calibrated from nearby galaxies, we have estimated the rotation velocities of galaxies from the deep fields. These estimates have a low accuracy (~50 km/s), but they allow low-mass and giant galaxies to be distinguished. The Tully-Fisher relation constructed using our velocity estimates shows satisfactory agreement with the actually observed relations for distant galaxies and provides evidence for the luminosity …
Analysis of the correlation between the angular positions of distant radio galaxies on the sky and the orientations of their polarization vectors with respect to their major axes, indicates a dipolar anisotropy in the large scale. We consider a single mode of large-scale scalar perturbation to the FRW metric. Using Newman-Penrose formalism, we calculate the rotation of the galaxy major axis with respect to the polarization vector as the elliptic image and the polarization vector are carried through the perturbed space-time. The dependence of the rotation on the polar angular coordinate of the …
Lyman break analogues (LBAs) are local galaxies selected to match a more distant (usually z~3) galaxy population in luminosity, UV-spectral slope and physical characteristics, and so provide an accessible laboratory for exploring their properties. However, as the Lyman break technique is extended to higher redshifts, it has become clear that the Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z~3 are more massive, luminous, redder, more extended and at higher metallicities than their z~5 counterparts. Thus extrapolations from the existing LBA samples (which match z=3 properties) have limited value for characte…
The stellar mass assembly of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) is still debated. We have observed in CO with the IRAM-30m two star forming BCGs belonging to SpARCS clusters, 3C 244.1 ($z=0.4$) and SDSS J161112.65+550823.5 ($z=0.9$), and compared their molecular gas and star formation properties with those of a compilation of $\sim100$ distant cluster galaxies, including nine additional distant BCGs at ${z\sim0.4-3.5}$. We have set robust upper limits of $M_{{\rm H}_2}<1.0\times10^{10}~M_\odot$ and $<2.8\times10^{10}~M_\odot$ to their molecular gas content, respectively, as well as to the molec…
We are conducting a large survey of distant clusters of galaxies using radio sources with bent jets and lobes as tracers. These radio sources are driven by AGN and achieve their bent morphologies through interaction with the surrounding gas found in clusters of galaxies. Based on low-redshift studies, these types of sources can be used to identify clusters very efficiently. We present initial results from our survey of 653 bent-double radio sources with optical hosts too faint to appear in the SDSS. The sample was observed in the infrared with Spitzer, and it has revealed $\sim$200 distant clu…
(Abridged) We trace the interaction processes of galaxies at intermediate redshift by measuring the irregularity of their ionized gas kinematics, and investigate these irregularities as a function of the environment (cluster versus field) and of morphological type (spiral versus irregular). Our sample consists of 92 distant galaxies. 16 cluster (z~0.3 and z~0.5) and 29 field galaxies (mean z=0.44) of these have velocity fields with sufficient signal to be analyzed. We find that the fraction of galaxies that have irregular gas kinematics is remarkably similar in galaxy clusters and in the field…
The investigation of distant galaxy formation and evolution is a powerful tool to constrain dark matter scenarios, supporting and in some cases surpassing other astrophysical and experimental probes. The recent completion of the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) programme combining ultra-deep Hubble Space Telescope observations and the magnification power of gravitational lensing produced by foreground galaxy clusters has enabled the detection of the faintest primordial galaxies ever studied. Here we show how the number density of such primordial galaxies allows to constrain a variety of DM models …
The problems of using the spectral index of radio galaxies in various tests, in particular, in selecting distant radio sources are considered. The history of the question of choosing a criterion of searching for distant radio galaxies based on the spectral index is presented. For a new catalog of 2442 radio galaxies constructed from NED, SDSS, and CATS data, an analytical form of the sp ectral index.redshift relation has been determined for the first time. The spectral index.angular size and spectral index.flux density diagrams have also been constructed. Peculiarities of the distribution of s…
The evolution of galaxy merger rates and its impact on galaxy properties have been studied intensively over the last decade. It becomes clear now that various types of mergers, i.e. gas-rich (wet), gas-poor (dry), or mixed mergers, affect the merger products in different ways. The epoch when each type of merger dominates also differs. In this talk, I review the recent progress on the measurements of galaxy merger rates out to z ~ 3 and the level of interaction-triggered star formation using large samples from various redshift surveys. These results provide insights to the importance of mergers…
We highlight and discuss the importance of accounting for nebular emission in the SEDs of high redshift galaxies, as lines and continuum emission can contribute significantly or subtly to broad-band photometry. Physical parameters such as the galaxy age, mass, star-formation rate, dust attenuation and others inferred from SED fits can be affected to different extent by the treatment of nebular emission. We analyse a large sample of Lyman break galaxies from z~3-6, and show some main results illustrating e.g. the importance of nebular emission for determinations of the mass-SFR relation, attenu…
We describe a method to efficiently obtain two-dimensional velocity fields of distant, faint and small, emission-line galaxies with FORS2 at the VLT. They are examined for kinematic substructure to identify possible interaction processes. Numerical simulations of tidal interactions and ram-pressure effects reveal distinct signatures observable with our method. We detect a significant fraction of galaxies with irregular velocity fields both in the field and cluster environments.
The aim of this project is to determine the consistency of an assumed cosmological model by means of a detailed analysis of the brightness profiles of distant galaxies.Starting from the theory developed by Ellis and Perry (1979) connecting the angular diameter distance obtained from a relativistic cosmological model and the detailed photometry of galaxies, we assume the presently most accepted cosmological model with non-zero cosmological constant and attempt to predict the brightness profiles of galaxies of a given redshift. Then this theoretical profile can be compared to observational data …
Evolution of galaxies is one of the most actual topics in astrophysics. Among the most important factors determining the evolution are two galactic components which are difficult or even impossible to detect optically: the gaseous disks and the dark matter halo. We use deep Hubble Space Telescope images to construct a two-component (bulge + disk) model for stellar matter distribution of galaxies. Properties of the galactic components are derived using a three-dimensional galaxy modeling software, which also estimates disk thickness and inclination angle. We add a gas disk and a dark matter hal…
We study the kinematics of galaxies within massive clusters, as a probe of the physics of star-formation quenching within clusters. Using N-body simulations, we argue that satellite kinematics provide information about galaxy infall that is complementary to the (instantaneous) spatial distribution of satellites. Comparing the simulation results with measurements of real cluster galaxies, we find evidence that the kinematics of red (quiescent) satellite galaxies are consistent with earlier infall times than that of blue (star-forming) satellites.
The Chandra Deep Fields (CDFs), being a major thrust among extragalactic X-ray surveys and complemented effectively by multiwavelength observations, have critically contributed to our dramatically improved characterization of the 0.5-8 keV cosmic X-ray background sources, the vast majority of which are distant active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and starburst and normal galaxies. In this review, I highlight some recent key observational results, mostly from the CDFs, on the AGN demography, the interactions between AGNs and their host galaxies, the evolution of non-active galaxy X-ray emission, and t…
The extragalactic background radiation produced by distant galaxies emitting in the far infrared limits the sensitivity of telescopes operating in this range due to confusion. We have constructed a model of the infrared background based on numerical simulations of the large-scale structure of the Universe and the evolution of dark matter halos. The predictions of this model agree well with the existing data on source counts. We have constructed maps of a sky field with an area of 1 deg$^2$ directly from our simulated observations and measured the confusion limit. At wavelengths $100-300$ $μ$m …
We present the results of a detailed analysis of galaxy properties along the red sequence in XMMU J1229+0151, an X-ray selected cluster at $z=0.98$ drawn from the HAWK-I Cluster Survey (HCS). Taking advantage of the broad photometric coverage and the availability of 77 spectra in the cluster field, we fit synthetic spectral energy distributions, and estimate stellar masses and photometric redshifts, which we use to determine the cluster membership. We investigate morphological and structural properties of red sequence galaxies and find that elliptical galaxies populate the bright end, while S0…
The determination of stellar populations of galaxies are important for studying the formation and evolution of galaxies, because all galaxies contain many stars and they evolve with galaxies. Spectra data are usually used to determine the stellar populations of nearby galaxies as they have the ability to disentangle the degeneracy between stellar age and metallicity. However, it is difficult to give similar studies to distant (e.g., $z >$ 0.3) galaxies because of the lack of reliable spectra data. This is actually limited by current observational equipments and methods. In fact, the informatio…
Kinematical studies of low and high redshift galaxies enables to probe galaxy formation and evolution scenarios. Integral field spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study with accuracy nearby galaxies kinematics. Recent observations also gives a new 2D vision of high redshift galaxies kinematics. This work mostly relies on the kinematical sample of galaxies GHASP. This control sample, composed of 203 local spiral and irregular galaxies in low density environments observed with Fabry-Perot techniques in the Ha line (6563 A), is by now the largest sample of Fabry-Perot data. After a revue on Fabry…
Pressure-regulated star formation is a simple variant on the usual supernova-regulated star formation efficiency that controls the global star formation rate as a function of cold gas content in star-forming galaxies, and accounts for the Schmidt-Kennicutt law in both nearby and distant galaxies. Inclusion of AGN-induced pressure, by jets and/or winds that flow back onto a gas-rich disk, can lead under some circumstances to significantly enhanced star formation rates, especially at high redshift and most likely followed by the more widely accepted phase of star formation quenching. Simple expr…
Leading models of galaxy formation require large-scale energetic outflows to regulate the growth of distant galaxies and their central black holes. However, current observational support for this hypothesis at high redshift is mostly limited to rare z>2 radio galaxies. Here we present Gemini-North NIFS Intregral Field Unit (IFU) observations of the [OIII] emission from a z~2 ultraluminous infrared galaxy (L_IR>10^12 solar luminosities) with an optically identified Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). The spatial extent (~4-8 kpc) of the high velocity and broad [OIII] emission are consistent with tha…
I summarise recent results on multi-wavelength properties of distant lensed galaxies, with a particular focus on Herschel. Submm surveys have already resulted in a breakthrough discovery of an extremely efficient selection technique for strong gravitational lenses. Benefitting from the gravitational magnification boost, blind mm-wave redshifts have been demonstrated on IRAM, SMA and GBT, and follow-up emission line detections have been made of water, [OIII], [CII] and other species, revealing the PDR/XDR/CRDR conditions. I also discuss HST imaging of submm lenses, lensed galaxy reconstruction,…
Lya is a key diagnostic for numerous observations of distant star-forming galaxies. It's interpretation requires, however, detailed radiation transfer models. We provide an extensive grid of 3D radiation transfer models simulating the Lya and UV continuum radiation transfer in the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies. We have improved our Monte Carlo MCLya code, and have used it to compute a grid of 6240 radiation transfer models for homogeneous spherical shells containing HI and dust surrounding a central source. The simulations cover a wide range of parameter space. We present the de…
We find a significant number of massive and compact galaxies in clusters from the ESO Distant Clusters Survey (EDisCS) at 0.4<z<1. They have similar stellar masses, ages, sizes and axial ratios to local z~0.04 compact galaxies in WINGS clusters, and to z=1.4-2 massive and passive galaxies found in the general field. If non-BCG cluster galaxies of all densities, morphologies and spectral types are considered, the median size of EDisCS galaxies is only a factor 1.18 smaller than in WINGS. We show that for morphologically selected samples, the morphological evolution taking place in a significant…
We present the results of our analysis of the geometrical tidal tail characteristics for nearby and distant interacting galaxies. The sample includes more than two hundred nearby galaxies and about seven hundred distant ones. The distant galaxies have been selected in several deep fields of the Hubble Space Telescope (HDF-N, HDF-S, HUDF, GOODS, GEMS) and they are at mean redshift z=0.65. We analyze the distributions of lengths and thicknesses for the tidal structures and show that the tails in distant galaxies are shorter than those in nearby ones. This effect can be partly attributed to obser…
We report the discovery of a luminous, mini radio halo of ~240 kpc dimension at the center of a distant cluster of galaxies at redshift z = 0.131. Our optical and multi-wavelength GMRT and VLA observations reveal a highly unusual structure showing a twin bubble-like diffuse radio halo surrounding a cluster of bright elliptical galaxies; very similar to the large-scale radio structure of M87, the dominant galaxy in Virgo cluster. It presents an excellent opportunity to understand the energetics and the dynamical evolution of such radio jet inflated plasma bubbles in the hot cluster atmosphere.
Observations and cosmological simulations show galaxy clusters as a family of nearly self-similar objects with properties that can be described by scaling relations as a function of e.g. mass and time. Here we study the scaling relations between the galaxy velocity dispersion and X-ray quantities like X-ray bolometric luminosity and temperature in galaxy clusters at high redshifts (0.64 $\leq$ z $\leq$ 1.46). We also compare our results with the similar study of the local HIFLUGCS sample. For the analysis, we use a set of 15 distant galaxy clusters extracted from the literature plus a sample o…
We derived solutions for the Smoluchowski kinetic equation for the mass function of galaxies, which describes mergers in differential approximation, where mergers with low-mass galaxies are the dominant factor. The evolution of the initial distribution is analyzed as well as the influence of the source represented by galaxies (halos) that separate from the global cosmological expansion. It is shown that the evolution of the slope of the power-law part of the luminosity function at a constant mass-to-luminosity ratio observed in the Ultra Deep Hubble Field can be described as a result of explos…
We homogeneously analyzed the \chandra\ X-ray observations of 10 gravitational lenses, HE 0047-1756, QJ 0158-4325, SDSS 0246-0805, HE 0435-1223, SDSS 0924+0219, SDSS 1004+4112, HE 1104-1805, PG 1115+080, Q 1355-2257, and Q 2237+0305, to measure the differential X-ray absorption between images, the metallicity, and the dust-to-gas ratio of the lens galaxies. We detected differential absorption in all lenses except SDSS 0924+0219 and HE 1104-1805. This doubles the sample of dust-to-gas ratio measurements in cosmologically distant lens galaxies. We successfully measured the gas phase metallicity …
We review results from cosmic X-ray surveys of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) over the past ~ 15 yr that have dramatically improved our understanding of growing supermassive black holes in the distant universe. First, we discuss the utility of such surveys for AGN investigations and the capabilities of the missions making these surveys, emphasizing Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR. Second, we briefly describe the main cosmic X-ray surveys, the essential roles of complementary multiwavelength data, and how AGNs are selected from these surveys. We then review key results from these surveys on the …
One of the main science goal of the future European Extremely Large Telescope will be to understand the mass assembly process in galaxies as a function of cosmic time. To this aim, a multi-object, AO-assisted integral field spectrograph will be required to map the physical and chemical properties of very distant galaxies. In this paper, we examine the ability of such an instrument to obtain spatially resolved spectroscopy of a large sample of massive (0.1<Mstellar<5e11Mo) galaxies at 2<z<6, selected from future large area optical-near IR surveys. We produced a set of about one thousand numeric…
(abridged) We investigate the possibility to recognize the magnetic field structures in nearby galaxies and to test the cosmological evolution of their large- and small-scale magnetic fields with the SKA and its precursors. We estimate the required density of the background polarized sources detected with the SKA for reliable reconstruction and reconstruction of magnetic field structures in nearby spiral galaxies. The dynamo theory is applied to distant galaxies to explore the evolution of magnetic fields in distant galaxies in the context of a hierarchical dark matter cosmology. Under favorit…
We present initial results from the CO survey toward high redshift galaxies using the Nobeyama 45m telescope. Using the new wide bandwidth spectrometer equipped with a two-beam SIS receiver, we have robust new detections of three high redshift (z=1.6-3.4) submillimeter galaxies (SXDF 1100.001, SDP9, and SDP17), one tentative detection (SDSS J160705+533558), and one non-detection (COSMOS-AzTEC1). The galaxies observed during the commissioning phase are sources with known spectroscopic redshifts from previous optical or from wide-band submm spectroscopy. The derived molecular gas mass and line w…
It has recently been suggested that galaxies in the early Universe can grow through the accretion of cold gas, and that this may have been the main driver of star formation and stellar mass growth. Because the cold gas is essentially primordial, it has a very low abundance of elements heavier than helium (metallicity). As it is funneled to the centre of a galaxy, it will lead the central gas having an overall lower metallicity than gas further from the centre, because the gas further out has been enriched by supernovae and stellar winds, and not diluted by the primordial gas. Here we report ch…
We have estimated the masses of the central supermassive black holes of 2442 radio galaxies froma catalog compiled using data from the NED, SDSS, and CATS databases. Mass estimates based on optical photometry and radio data are compared. Relationships between the mass of the central black hole $M_p^{bh}$ and the redshift $z_p$ are constructed for both wavelength ranges. The distribution of the galaxies in these diagrams and systematic effects influencing estimation of the black-hole parameters are discussed. Upperenvelope cubic regression fits are obtained using the maximum estimates of the bl…
Long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) allow us to explore the distant Universe, and are potentially the most effective tracer of the most distant objects. Our current knowledge of the properties of GRB host galaxies at redshifts >5 is very scarce. We propose to improve this situation by obtaining more observations of high-redshift hosts to better understand their properties and help enable us to use GRBs as probes of the high-redshift universe. We performed very deep photometric observations of three high-redshift GRB host galaxies, GRB 080913 at z =6.7, GRB 060927 at z =5.5 and GRB 060522 at …
We analyze the angular clustering of z~2.3 distant red galaxies (DRGs) measured by Quadri et al 2008. We find that, with robust estimates of the measurement errors and realistic halo occupation distribution modeling, the measured clustering can be well fit within standard halo occupation models, in contrast to previous results. However, in order to fit the strong break in w(theta) at theta=10 arcsec, nearly all satellite galaxies in the DRG luminosity range are required to be DRGs. Within this luminosity-threshold sample, the fraction of galaxies that are DRGs is ~44%, implying that the format…
We reproduce the mid-infrared to radio galaxy counts with a new empirical model based on our current understanding of the evolution of main-sequence (MS) and starburst (SB) galaxies. We rely on a simple Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) library based on Herschel observations: a single SED for the MS and another one for SB, getting warmer with redshift. Our model is able to reproduce recent measurements of galaxy counts performed with Herschel, including counts per redshift slice. This agreement demonstrates the power of our 2 Star-Formation Modes (2SFM) decomposition for describing the statis…
We report on an update of the test on the rotation of the plane of linear polarization for light traveling over cosmological distances, using a comparison between the measured direction of the UV polarization in 8 radio galaxies at z>2 and the direction predicted by the model of scattering of anisotropic nuclear radiation, which explains the polarization. No rotation is detected within a few degrees for each galaxy and, if the rotation does not depend on direction, then the all-sky-average rotation is constrained to be θ= -0.8 +/- 2.2. We discuss the relevance of this result for constraining c…
ZEUS-2, the second generation (z)Redshift and Early Universe Spectrometer, like its predecessor is a moderate resolution (R~1000) long-slit, echelle grating spectrometer optimized for the detection of faint, broad lines from distant galaxies. It is designed for studying star-formation across cosmic time. ZEUS-2 employs three TES bolometer arrays (555 pixels total) to deliver simultaneous, multi-beam spectra in up to 4 submillimeter windows. The NIST Boulder-built arrays operate at ~100mK and are readout via SQUID multiplexers and the Multi-Channel Electronics from the University of British Col…
We review recent results on the high-redshift universe and the cosmic evolution obtained using Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) as tracers of high-redshift galaxies. Most of the results come from photometric and spectroscopic observations of GRB host galaxies once the afterglow has faded away but also from the analysis of the GRB afterglow line of sight as revealed by absorptions in their optical spectrum.
