朊病毒生物学

摘要：

在本文中，我们将审查朊病毒的生物学的各个方面，并专注于目前已知的哺乳动物朊蛋白朊病毒。本文还简要介绍了酵母菌和其它真菌的朊病毒。朊病毒是一种行为类似基因的感染性蛋白质，即不仅在其三级结构（即其形状）中包含遗传信息，而且还能够以类似于基因的方式但通过非常不同的机制进行传播和复制的蛋白质。术语朊病毒来源于“蛋白质感染性颗粒”，并源于Prusiner假设，即某些神经退行性疾病的感染因子仅存在于蛋白质中，而没有核酸的参与。目前，除了最初描述的朊病毒外，还有几种已知类型的朊病毒，它们是哺乳动物、酵母和其他真菌的病原体。朊病毒蛋白普遍存在，并不总是对其宿主有害。这种将朊病毒视为疾病病原体的观点正在发生变化，越来越多的证据表明它们可能在细胞中发挥重要作用，并通过进化机制对生物体的表型可塑性做出贡献。

英文摘要：

In this paper we will review various aspects of the biology of prions and focus on what is currently known about the mammalian PrP prion. Also we briefly describe the prions of yeast and other fungi. Prions are infectious proteins behaving like genes, i.e. proteins that not only contain genetic information in its tertiary structure, i.e. its shape, but are also able to transmit and replicate in a manner analogous to genes but through very different mechanisms. The term prion is derived from "proteinaceous infectious particle" and arose from the Prusiner hypothesis that the infectious agent of certain neurodegenerative diseases was only in a protein, without the participation of nucleic acids. Currently there are several known types of prion, in addition to the originally described, which are pathogens of mammals, yeast and other fungi. Prion proteins are ubiquitous and not always detrimental to their hosts. This vision of the prion as a causative agent of disease is changing, finding more and more evidence that they could have important roles in cells and contribute to the phenotypic plasticity of organisms through the mechanisms of evolution.

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